{"id":26236,"date":"2023-01-13T10:00:11","date_gmt":"2023-01-13T13:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/epstein-barr-copy-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T13:43:48","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T16:43:48","slug":"viruses-that-can-cause-cancer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/viry-ktere-mohou-zpusobit-rakovinu\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si o 8 virech, kter\u00e9 mohou zp\u016fsobit rakovinu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rakovina je onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m n\u011bkter\u00e9 bu\u0148ky v t\u011ble nekontrolovateln\u011b rostou a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se do dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla. Je v\u00fdznamnou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00famrtnost v celosv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku<\/a>, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje zhruba 10 milion\u016f \u00famrt\u00ed v roce 2020, tedy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u0161est\u00e9 \u00famrt\u00ed.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b existuje osm vir\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou zp\u016fsobit rakovinu? Viry jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu 10% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f rakoviny na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku Mind The Graph se dozv\u00edte, kter\u00fdch osm vir\u016f zp\u016fsobuje rakovinu a jak se jim vyhnout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak\u00fd je mechanismus, kter\u00fdm viry zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed rakovinu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Viry se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z omezen\u00e9ho souboru gen\u016f ve form\u011b DNA nebo RNA, kter\u00e9 jsou pokryty b\u00edlkovinn\u00fdm obalem. Virus mus\u00ed proniknout do \u017eiv\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a ovl\u00e1dnout jej\u00ed mechanismus, aby se mohl mno\u017eit a vyr\u00e1b\u011bt dal\u0161\u00ed viry. N\u011bkter\u00e9 viry toho dosahuj\u00ed vpraven\u00edm vlastn\u00ed DNA (nebo RNA) do hostitelsk\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Jakmile DNA nebo RNA zm\u011bn\u00ed geny hostitelsk\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit, \u017ee se bu\u0148ka stane rakovinnou.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak\u00e9 viry mohou zp\u016fsobit rakovinu?\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Virus Epstein-Barrov\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Virus EBV je druh herpes viru, kter\u00fd je obecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako mononukle\u00f3za (\"mono\") nebo \"nemoc z l\u00edb\u00e1n\u00ed\". P\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed se slinami nebo t\u011blesn\u00fdmi tekutinami, nej\u010dast\u011bji ka\u0161l\u00e1n\u00edm, k\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00edm, sd\u00edlen\u00edm n\u00e1poj\u016f a n\u00e1dob\u00ed, dotykem v\u011bc\u00ed se slinami a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm dotykem \u00fast a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b l\u00edb\u00e1n\u00edm. V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed se n\u011bkdy v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u017eivota nakaz\u00ed a lid\u00e9 s EBV jsou obvykle zdrav\u00ed a nevykazuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S EBV souvis\u00ed Burkitt\u016fv lymfom, nazofarynge\u00e1ln\u00ed karcinom (rakovina horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti krku), Hodgkin\u016fv a nehodgkinsk\u00fd lymfom, t-bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 lymfomy, posttransplanta\u010dn\u00ed lymfoproliferativn\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho b\u00edl\u00fdch krvinek) a leiomyosarkom (rakovina m\u011bkk\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Hepatitida B (HBV)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

HBV m\u00e1 mo\u017enost integrovat se do lidsk\u00e9ho genomu a mno\u017eit se v jatern\u00edch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo zvy\u0161uje karcinogenn\u00ed aktivitu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010detn\u00fdch sign\u00e1ln\u00edch drah v j\u00e1trech. Infekce HBV jsou mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b naka\u017eliv\u00e9 a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed se kontaktem s kontaminovanou krv\u00ed, potem nebo slzami. M\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et sd\u00edlen\u00edm kapa\u010dek, pohlavn\u00edm stykem a p\u0159enosem z matky na d\u00edt\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

HBV m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat infekci jater, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ej\u00edt v rakovinu jater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Hepatitida C (HCV)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

HCV m\u00e1 men\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee zp\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky, ne\u017e HBV, a nem\u016f\u017ee se za\u010dlenit do lidsk\u00e9ho genomu. Progrese je multifaktori\u00e1ln\u00ed, a proto m\u016f\u017ee trvat 20-40 let, co\u017e je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d lid\u00e9 s HCV mohou b\u00fdt v bezv\u011bdom\u00ed, pokud onemocn\u00ed. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u010dasem napad\u00e1 virus, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee HCV vyvol\u00e1 chronickou infekci a vytvo\u0159\u00ed fibr\u00f3zu jater, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ej\u00edt v cirh\u00f3zu a HCC. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K p\u0159enosu doch\u00e1z\u00ed podobn\u011b jako u HBV kontaktem s kontaminovanou krv\u00ed, potem nebo slzami. M\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et sd\u00edlen\u00edm kapa\u010dek, pohlavn\u00edm stykem a p\u0159enosem z matky na d\u00edt\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hepatitida C je hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou rakoviny jater a m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 v\u00e9st k nehodgkinsk\u00e9mu lymfomu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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HIV (virus lidsk\u00e9 imunodeficience)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

HIV je retrovirus, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit syndrom z\u00edskan\u00e9 imunodeficience, chronick\u00e9, n\u011bkdy smrteln\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed (AIDS). HIV infikuje a zab\u00edj\u00ed pomocn\u00e9 T-bu\u0148ky. Kdy\u017e se po\u010det T-bun\u011bk sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m m\u00e1 velk\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee s bojem proti infekc\u00edm. Infekce HIV tak\u00e9 stimuluje r\u016fst specifick\u00fdch bun\u011bk B, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zvy\u0161uje riziko jejich nadm\u011brn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby a mutac\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

HIV se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00fdmi tekutinami v\u010detn\u011b krve, spermatu a vagin\u00e1ln\u00edch tekutin. M\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e9st z HIV pozitivn\u00ed matky na jej\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b. HIV se ned\u00e1 vyl\u00e9\u010dit, lze jej v\u0161ak zvl\u00e1dnout pomoc\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U n\u011bkter\u00fdch forem lymfom\u016f, jako je nehodgkinsk\u00fd lymfom, Hodgkin\u016fv lymfom, prim\u00e1rn\u00ed lymfom CNS, leuk\u00e9mie a myelom, m\u016f\u017ee infekce HIV zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich v\u00fdskyt. HIV zvy\u0161uje krom\u011b lymfom\u016f tak\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdskytu Kaposiho sarkomu, rakoviny d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho \u010d\u00edpku a rakoviny kone\u010dn\u00edku, jater, \u00fast a krku a plic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Lidsk\u00fd herpesvirus 8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Lidsk\u00fd herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 jako herpesvirus spojen\u00fd s Kaposiho sarkomem, je \u010dlenem rodiny DNA vir\u016f Herpesviridae. KS je neobvykl\u00fd, pomalu rostouc\u00ed n\u00e1dor, kter\u00fd se \u010dasto projevuje jako \u010dervenofialov\u00e9 nebo modrohn\u011bd\u00e9 n\u00e1dory t\u011bsn\u011b pod k\u016f\u017e\u00ed. HHV-8 infikuje bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i KS vyst\u00fdlaj\u00ed krevn\u00ed a lymfatick\u00e9 tepny. V d\u016fsledku infekce se nadm\u011brn\u011b d\u011bl\u00ed a \u017eij\u00ed mnohem d\u00e9le, ne\u017e by m\u011bly. Tyto zm\u011bny je mohou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159em\u011bnit v n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

HHV-8 se v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pohlavn\u00edm stykem a slinami. K p\u0159enosu m\u016f\u017ee potenci\u00e1ln\u011b doj\u00edt i p\u0159i transf\u00fazi org\u00e1n\u016f a krve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za Kaposiho sarkom, druh rakoviny, kter\u00fd postihuje k\u016f\u017ei a m\u011bkk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Lidsk\u00fd papilomavirus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Lidsk\u00fd papilomavirus (HPV) je nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pohlavn\u011b p\u0159enosn\u00fdm virem, kter\u00fd se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed kontaktem k\u016f\u017ee na k\u016f\u017ei, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159enosu je pohlavn\u00ed styk. Kdy\u017e se genom HPV integruje do lidsk\u00fdch chromozom\u016f, naru\u0161\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00fd \u010dtec\u00ed r\u00e1mec a vyvol\u00e1 nadm\u011brnou expresi dvou virov\u00fdch onkogen\u016f, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k rakovin\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Existuje 14 vysoce rizikov\u00fdch kmen\u016f HPV, kter\u00e9 mohou zp\u016fsobit rakovinu u mu\u017e\u016f i \u017een. Mezi tyto druhy rakoviny pat\u0159\u00ed rakovina kone\u010dn\u00edku, d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho \u010d\u00edpku, penisu, hrdla, pochvy a vulvy a hlavy a krku. Odhaduje se, \u017ee v\u00edce ne\u017e 70% v\u00fdskyt\u016f rakoviny d\u011blo\u017en\u00edho \u010d\u00edpku zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed dva vysoce rizikov\u00e9 kmeny, 16 a 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Virus lidsk\u00e9 T-bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 leuk\u00e9mie typu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

HTLV-1 je retrovirus, co\u017e je druh viru. Tyto viry pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro sv\u016fj genetick\u00fd k\u00f3d sp\u00ed\u0161e RNA ne\u017e DNA. Aby se mohly replikovat, mus\u00ed podstoupit dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi p\u0159em\u011bny sv\u00fdch gen\u016f RNA na DNA. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z dodate\u010dn\u00fdch gen\u016f DNA mohou b\u00fdt nakonec za\u010dlen\u011bny do chromozom\u016f lidsk\u00e9 bu\u0148ky infikovan\u00e9 virem. To m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdvoji a d\u011blen\u00ed bun\u011bk, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k rakovin\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u011b jako HIV se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00fdmi tekutinami, nap\u0159\u00edklad krv\u00ed, spermatem a vagin\u00e1ln\u00edmi tekutinami. HIV pozitivn\u00ed matka jej m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159en\u00e9st na d\u00edt\u011b, toto riziko se v\u0161ak minimalizuje, pokud matka nekoj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTLV-1 je spojov\u00e1n s lymfocyt\u00e1rn\u00ed leuk\u00e9mi\u00ed a nehodgkinsk\u00fdm lymfomem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Polyomavirus Merkelov\u00fdch bun\u011bk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

MCV byl identifikov\u00e1n ve vzorc\u00edch vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 formy rakoviny k\u016f\u017ee zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako karcinom z Merkelov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. MCV infikuje naprostou v\u011bt\u0161inu lid\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00e9m obdob\u00ed jejich \u017eivota (v\u011bt\u0161inou v d\u011btstv\u00ed) a obvykle nezp\u016fsobuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky. Ve vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech virov\u00e9 infekce v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee virus modifikovat DNA uvnit\u0159 bun\u011bk, co\u017e vede ke vzniku karcinomu z Merkelov\u00fdch bun\u011bk, a v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech karcinom\u016f z Merkelov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u010dkoli nen\u00ed jist\u00e9, jak se lid\u00e9 t\u00edmto virem nakaz\u00ed, byl nalezen na mnoha m\u00edstech v t\u011ble, v\u010detn\u011b k\u016f\u017ee a slin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Jak se vyhnout vir\u016fm zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00edm rakovinu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n