{"id":16223,"date":"2022-08-01T09:39:24","date_gmt":"2022-08-01T12:39:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/anatomical-position-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-03-31T09:14:06","modified_gmt":"2023-03-31T12:14:06","slug":"animal-cell-diagram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/animal-cell-diagram\/","title":{"rendered":"Sch\u00e9ma \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky: Co to je, struktura a typy?"},"content":{"rendered":"

K popisu t\u011bla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me anatomick\u00e9 polohy, proto\u017ee poskytuj\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed bod. Lze je pou\u017e\u00edt podobn\u011b jako standardiza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje k popisu polohy organismu. L\u00e9ka\u0159i nemohou diskutovat o t\u011ble pacient\u016f, ani\u017e by m\u011bli obecn\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed o anatomick\u00e9 poloze, co\u017e je v medic\u00edn\u011b obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd druh organismu existuje standardn\u00ed anatomick\u00e1 poloha. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edme v\u00edce o anatomick\u00fdch poloh\u00e1ch a o tom, pro\u010d jsou tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e1 bu\u0148ka?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky jsou tvo\u0159eny eukaryotick\u00fdmi bu\u0148kami s j\u00e1drem v\u00e1zan\u00fdm na membr\u00e1nu. Skupina bun\u011bk se mus\u00ed spojit, aby vytvo\u0159ila tk\u00e1n\u011b, org\u00e1ny a org\u00e1nov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. \u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky maj\u00ed r\u016fznou podobu a velikost, od n\u011bkolika mikrometr\u016f a\u017e po n\u011bkolik centimetr\u016f. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mou \u017eivo\u010di\u0161nou bu\u0148kou je nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0161tros\u00ed vejce, kter\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00ed 170 \u00d7 130 mm. M\u016f\u017eeme tedy usoudit, \u017ee velikost bu\u0148ky je ovlivn\u011bna \u010dinnost\u00ed, kterou vykon\u00e1v\u00e1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za mnohobun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 organismy. Maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 pohybov\u00e9 vlastnosti a dob\u0159e organizovan\u00e9 bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 organely, kter\u00e9 pln\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fakoly, v\u010detn\u011b plazmatick\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny, centrioly, peroxizomu, lysozomu, ribozom\u016f, mitochondri\u00ed, endoplazmatick\u00e9ho retikula, cytoplazmy, j\u00e1dra, nukleolu, jadern\u00e9ho obalu a Golgiho apar\u00e1tu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee rostlinn\u00e9 a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky jsou eukaryota, maj\u00ed ob\u011b bu\u0148ky n\u011bkolik spole\u010dn\u00fdch organel. V\u0161echny tyto organely maj\u00ed velmi podobn\u00e9 funkce. \u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 a rostlinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky v\u0161ak nevypadaj\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b srovnateln\u011b ani neobsahuj\u00ed v\u0161echny stejn\u00e9 organely, proto\u017ee maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce. Nap\u0159\u00edklad a\u010dkoli \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky chloroplasty nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed, rostliny je pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed k fotosynt\u00e9ze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky jsou \u010dasto men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e rostlinn\u00e9 a maj\u00ed nepravideln\u00fd tvar, co\u017e je dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi rostlinn\u00fdmi a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdmi bu\u0148kami. Tento nepravideln\u00fd tvar je d\u016fsledkem absence bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 st\u011bny. <\/p>\n\n\n

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Vyrobeno s Mind the Graph<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Pro\u010d pou\u017e\u00edvat sch\u00e9ma pro \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Celkov\u011b mohou diagramy pomoci \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i pochopit va\u0161e v\u00fdsledky a porovnat je s jin\u00fdmi fakty. Ve skute\u010dnosti se p\u0159i sd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch forem informac\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch hutn\u00fdch, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed diagramy \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e text. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obr\u00e1zky jsou pro n\u00e1\u0161 mozek srozumiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e slova, proto\u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 mozek je vyvinut\u00fd tak, aby zpracov\u00e1val informace vizu\u00e1ln\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proto je sch\u00e9ma \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pro lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed struktury a funkc\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dicha, proto\u017ee obsahuje zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed komplexn\u00edch a nepostradateln\u00fdch informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Struktury \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch bun\u011bk<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e1 bu\u0148ka se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u011bkolika \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed a v tomto t\u00e9matu pochop\u00edte v\u0161echny prvky stavby \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba ur\u010dit p\u0159i prom\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed sch\u00e9matu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 membr\u00e1na<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Je to tenk\u00e1 membr\u00e1na bohat\u00e1 na lipidy a proteiny, kter\u00e1 pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 polopropustnou bu\u0148ku. Jej\u00ed hlavn\u00ed funkc\u00ed je chr\u00e1nit bu\u0148ku p\u0159ed okol\u00edm. Reguluje tak\u00e9 to, jak \u017eiviny a dal\u0161\u00ed drobnosti vstupuj\u00ed do bu\u0148ky a vystupuj\u00ed z n\u00ed. D\u00edky tomu se bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako polopropustn\u00e9 nebo selektivn\u011b propustn\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nucleus<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Je to organela, kter\u00e1 obsahuje n\u011bkolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch suborganel, v\u010detn\u011b chromatin\u016f, nukleol\u016f a nukleozom\u016f. Genetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l DNA se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v oblasti nukleolu. Jadern\u00e1 membr\u00e1na odd\u011bluje j\u00e1dro od zbytku bu\u0148ky. \u0158\u00edd\u00ed tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsob d\u011blen\u00ed a v\u00fdvoje bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jadern\u00e1 membr\u00e1na<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jadern\u00e1 membr\u00e1na obaluje j\u00e1dro, jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno. Jedn\u00e1 se o dvoumembr\u00e1novou strukturu zn\u00e1mou tak\u00e9 jako jadern\u00fd obal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Centrozom<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Je to mal\u00e1 organela, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti j\u00e1dra. Jej\u00ed hust\u00e9 centrum je obklopeno vyza\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edmi tubuly. V centrozomech se vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed mikrotubuly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lysozomy<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jsou to membr\u00e1nou uzav\u0159en\u00e9 kulovit\u00e9 organely, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00ed enzymy, je\u017e podporuj\u00ed nejen tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, ale i regeneraci a vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ribosomy<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jsou to mal\u00e9 organely, kter\u00e9 jsou m\u00edstem produkce b\u00edlkovin a skl\u00e1daj\u00ed se z cytoplazmatick\u00fdch granul\u00ed bohat\u00fdch na RNA. M\u016f\u017eeme je vid\u011bt plovouc\u00ed v cytoplazm\u011b bu\u0148ky nebo v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na membr\u00e1ny endoplazmatick\u00e9ho retikula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cytoplazma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Je l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze v\u0161ech bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch organel a je chr\u00e1n\u011bna bun\u011b\u010dnou membr\u00e1nou, kter\u00e1 se podob\u00e1 rosolu. L\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed uvnit\u0159 jadern\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny bu\u0148ky, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 nukleoplazma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Golgiho apar\u00e1t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ploch\u00e1, vrstevnat\u00e1, v\u00e1\u010dkovit\u00e1 organela, kter\u00e1 vyr\u00e1b\u00ed, skladuje, transportuje a bal\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice v cel\u00e9 bu\u0148ce, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 v bl\u00edzkosti j\u00e1dra. Sestavuje proteiny do vezikul pot\u00e9, co je p\u0159ijme z endoplazmatick\u00e9ho retikula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mitochondrie<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o dvoumembr\u00e1novou organelu kulovit\u00e9ho nebo ty\u010dinkovit\u00e9ho tvaru. Je to energetick\u00fd zdroj bu\u0148ky, proto\u017ee m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro proces uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed energie. Energie se zde uvol\u0148uje ve form\u011b ATP b\u011bhem procesu bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vacuole<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Je to vnit\u0159n\u00ed organela bu\u0148ky s membr\u00e1nou, kter\u00e1 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 bu\u0148ce udr\u017eovat tvar a uchov\u00e1vat v\u011bci, jako je potrava, voda, odpad a dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nucleopore<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tyto mikroskopick\u00e9 perforace v jadern\u00e9 membr\u00e1n\u011b usnad\u0148uj\u00ed pr\u016fchod nukleov\u00fdch kyselin a protein\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typy \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch bun\u011bk<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky existuj\u00ed v mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch variant\u00e1ch, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 m\u00e1 specifickou funkci. Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druhy \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch bun\u011bk jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ko\u017en\u00ed bu\u0148ky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ko\u017en\u00ed bu\u0148ky z tk\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 chr\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011blo p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011btem. Obsahuje Merkelovy bu\u0148ky, Langerhansovy bu\u0148ky, melanocyty a keratinocyty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Svalov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tyto prodlou\u017een\u00e9 trubicov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky usnad\u0148uj\u00ed pohyb. Zahrnuje bu\u0148ky kostern\u00ed, srde\u010dn\u00ed a hladk\u00e9 svaloviny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krevn\u00ed bu\u0148ky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tyto bu\u0148ky maj\u00ed na starosti p\u0159enos kysl\u00edku z plic do ostatn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem \u010derven\u00e9 krvinky, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed j\u00e1dro, a b\u00edl\u00e9 krvinky, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed bojovat s infekcemi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nervov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tyto neurony, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako nervov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V\u00fdstupky, kter\u00e9 vys\u00edlaj\u00ed nebo p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly, se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed dendrity a axony. Jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jsou tak\u00e9 gliov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a Schwannovy bu\u0148ky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tukov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tyto bu\u0148ky, \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako adipocyty, slou\u017e\u00ed k ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lipid\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f tuku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1stroj pro tvorbu v\u011bdecky p\u0159esn\u00fdch infografik b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika minut<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Chcete-li zv\u00fd\u0161it vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ita\u017elivost a autoritu sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, pou\u017eijte skv\u011bl\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro tvorbu infografiky a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fadaje<\/a> kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad. M\u016f\u017eete si vybrat z r\u016fzn\u00fdch rozvr\u017een\u00ed a jedine\u010dn\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch informac\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016fm komunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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