{"id":15992,"date":"2022-07-12T12:01:57","date_gmt":"2022-07-12T15:01:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/conceptual-analysis-research-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T15:32:54","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T18:32:54","slug":"how-to-write-a-hypothesis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/jak-napsat-hypotezu\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak napsat hypot\u00e9zu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hypot\u00e9za je jednodu\u0161e testovateln\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 naj\u00edt odpov\u011b\u010f na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku; formalizovan\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za nut\u00ed p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o tom, jak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky lze v experimentu o\u010dek\u00e1vat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypot\u00e9zu lze tedy pou\u017e\u00edt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 k \u010demukoli, nap\u0159\u00edklad k testov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f v ka\u017edodenn\u00edch \u00fakolech, k ur\u010den\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9ho konce v\u00fdzkumu, k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1kladu v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho experimentu atd. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte, co za t\u00edm stoj\u00ed, jak\u00e9 jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy hypot\u00e9z a tak\u00e9 jak napsat hypot\u00e9zu<\/strong> jasn\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to hypot\u00e9za?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hypot\u00e9za je metoda p\u0159edpov\u011bdi, pokus o nalezen\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na n\u011bco, co je\u0161t\u011b nebylo ov\u011b\u0159eno, my\u0161lenka nebo n\u00e1vrh zalo\u017een\u00fd na omezen\u00fdch d\u016fkazech. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se jedn\u00e1 o n\u00e1vrh vztah\u016f mezi dv\u011bma (nebo v\u00edce) prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi: nez\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou (proveden\u00e1 zm\u011bna) a z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou (opat\u0159en\u00ed). P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme nap\u0159\u00edklad, \u017ee jste zvykl\u00ed se p\u0159ed zkou\u0161kou u\u010dit celou noc, ale jste v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 unaven\u00ed na to, abyste l\u00e1tku jasn\u011b pochopili, co\u017e m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek \u0161patn\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypot\u00e9za tedy zn\u00ed, \u017ee pokud se budete u\u010dit b\u011bhem dne, porozum\u00edte p\u0159edm\u011btu a v d\u016fsledku toho z\u00edsk\u00e1te dobrou zn\u00e1mku. V tomto p\u0159\u00edkladu je nez\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou doba studia a z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi porozum\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btu a zn\u00e1mka. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak vid\u00edte, hypot\u00e9zu lze pou\u017e\u00edt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v jak\u00e9koli situaci, ale nej\u010dast\u011bji se s n\u00ed setk\u00e1te ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prac\u00edch nebo v\u011bdeck\u00fdch experimentech. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i psan\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 b\u00fdt opatrn\u00fd a d\u016fkladn\u00fd, ne\u017e ji za\u010dnete zapisovat. Proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prok\u00e1z\u00e1na fakty, p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm testov\u00e1n\u00edm a d\u016fkazn\u00edmi \u00fadaji, mohou m\u00edt i drobn\u00e9 nedostatky nebo nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i konstrukci hypot\u00e9zy negativn\u00ed dopad na kvalitu va\u0161eho v\u00fdzkumu a jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typy v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z a p\u0159\u00edklady<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy hypot\u00e9z v z\u00e1vislosti na povaze nebo \u00fa\u010delu va\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy, a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o v\u00fdzkum nebo v\u011bdeck\u00fd experiment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne\u017e se dostaneme k jak napsat hypot\u00e9zu<\/strong>, projdeme si r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy a zjist\u00edme, kter\u00fd je pro v\u00e1s nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
p\u0159es GIPHY<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za testuje a experimentuje pouze se vztahem mezi dv\u011bma prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi: nez\u00e1vislou a z\u00e1vislou. Jak jsme si ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve uk\u00e1zali na p\u0159\u00edkladu doby studia a zn\u00e1mek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Komplexn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9za zahrnuje vztah mezi v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011bma prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi, \u0159ekn\u011bme: dv\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 a jedna z\u00e1visl\u00e1 prom\u011bnn\u00e1 nebo naopak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je chudoba a negramotnost ve spole\u010dnosti, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je i m\u00edra kriminality.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Nulov\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nulov\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za, ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 zkratkou H0, je hypot\u00e9za, podle n\u00ed\u017e mezi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vztah. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> Chudoba nem\u00e1 s kriminalitou ve spole\u010dnosti nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Alternativn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ve spojen\u00ed s nulovou hypot\u00e9zou se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 alternativn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za (H1 nebo HA). Ta uv\u00e1d\u00ed opa\u010dnou hypot\u00e9zu ne\u017e nulov\u00e1, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pouze jedna z nich mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pravdiv\u00e1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> Chudoba je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou kriminality ve spole\u010dnosti.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Slo\u017een\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Slo\u017een\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za je takov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 nep\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00e9 parametry, rozd\u011blen\u00ed nebo rozsah z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010casto bychom p\u0159edpov\u00eddali p\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \"23let\u00ed mu\u017ei m\u011b\u0159\u00ed v pr\u016fm\u011bru 189 cm\". Zde uv\u00e1d\u00edme p\u0159esn\u00fd parametr. V d\u016fsledku toho nen\u00ed hypot\u00e9za slo\u017een\u00e1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne v\u017edy v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017eeme n\u011bco p\u0159esn\u011b hypotetizovat. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech bychom mohli \u0159\u00edci: \"V pr\u016fm\u011bru jsou 23let\u00ed mu\u017ei. ne<\/em> 189 cm vysok\u00fd.\" Rozmez\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed ani p\u0159esn\u00e9 parametry pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky 23let\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f jsme nestanovili. V d\u016fsledku toho jsme zavedli sp\u00ed\u0161e slo\u017eenou hypot\u00e9zu ne\u017e p\u0159esnou hypot\u00e9zu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alternativn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za (jak je uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e) je obecn\u011b slo\u017een\u00e1, proto\u017ee je definov\u00e1na jako cokoli jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e nulov\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za. Proto\u017ee toto \"cokoli krom\u011b\" nespecifikuje parametry ani rozd\u011blen\u00ed, je p\u0159\u00edkladem slo\u017een\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Logick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hypot\u00e9za, kterou lze logicky ov\u011b\u0159it, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 logick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za. Logick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za tedy bez skute\u010dn\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f nazna\u010duje vztah mezi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> Alig\u00e1to\u0159i maj\u00ed zelen\u00e9 \u0161upiny, proto jim bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed dinosau\u0159i m\u011bli pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b tak\u00e9 zelen\u00e9 \u0161upiny. Proto\u017ee v\u0161ak v\u0161ichni vyhynuli, mus\u00edme se spol\u00e9hat sp\u00ed\u0161e na logiku ne\u017e na empirick\u00e9 \u00fadaje.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Empirick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Empirick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za je opakem logick\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy. Je to hypot\u00e9za, kter\u00e1 je v sou\u010dasnosti ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1na v\u011bdeck\u00fdm zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm, op\u00edr\u00e1 se o konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00fadaje. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se j\u00ed tak\u00e9 \"pracovn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> \u017divotnost krav se zkracuje t\u00edm, \u017ee se jim denn\u011b pod\u00e1v\u00e1 1 libra kuku\u0159ice.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Statistick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Statistick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 reprezentativn\u00ed statistick\u00e9 modely k vyvozen\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f o v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch populac\u00edch. Nam\u00edsto testov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161eho testujete podskupinu a zbytek zobecn\u00edte na z\u00e1klad\u011b d\u0159\u00edve shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159\u00edklad: <\/strong>P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zrzav\u00e9 vlasy m\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2% sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sm\u011brov\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sm\u011brov\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1, zda bude \u00fa\u010dinek intervence pozitivn\u00ed nebo negativn\u00ed, je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed samotn\u00fdm testem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159\u00edklad: <\/strong>M\u00e1 de\u0161tiv\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed vliv na mno\u017estv\u00ed st\u0159edn\u011b a\u017e vysoce intenzivn\u00edho cvi\u010den\u00ed za t\u00fdden? D\u00e9\u0161\u0165 pozitivn\u011b sni\u017euje mno\u017estv\u00ed st\u0159edn\u011b intenzivn\u00edho a\u017e intenzivn\u00edho cvi\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 t\u00fddn\u011b vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Jak napsat hypot\u00e9zu <\/strong>v 6 kroc\u00edch<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Polo\u017ete ot\u00e1zku<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Psan\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00e1te ot\u00e1zku, na kterou chcete odpov\u011bd\u011bt. Ot\u00e1zka by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1, c\u00edlen\u00e1 a konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed. Pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed identifikace formulujte tuto ot\u00e1zku pomoc\u00ed klasick\u00e9 \u0161estice: kdo, co, kde, kdy, pro\u010d nebo jak. Nezapome\u0148te v\u0161ak, \u017ee hypot\u00e9za mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tvrzen\u00edm, nikoli ot\u00e1zkou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch informac\u00ed o t\u00e9matu m\u016f\u017ee vy\u017eadovat p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed n\u011bkolika knih, v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u010dasopis\u016f, experiment\u016f a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jednoduch\u00e9 jako vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na internetu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nezapome\u0148te zv\u00e1\u017eit sv\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky z v\u00edce \u00fahl\u016f pohledu; p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy mohou b\u00fdt velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 protich\u016fdn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy; jejich v\u00fdsledky m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed a svou studii koncipovat tak, abyste se t\u011bmito obavami zab\u00fdvali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Definujte prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jakmile ur\u010d\u00edte, jak\u00e1 bude ot\u00e1zka, mus\u00edte ur\u010dit nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 a z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 a tak\u00e9 typ hypot\u00e9zy, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017eije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Uve\u010fte to ve form\u011b p\u0159\u00edkazu If-Then<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt form\u00e1t if-then. Nap\u0159\u00edklad: \"Kdy\u017e budu v\u00edce cvi\u010dit, zhubnu v\u00edce.\" Tento form\u00e1t m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slo\u017eit\u00fd, pokud se jedn\u00e1 o v\u00edce prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, ale obecn\u011b je to spolehliv\u00fd zp\u016fsob vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed vztahu p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku, kter\u00fd testujete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bte dal\u0161\u00ed data k prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ed hypot\u00e9zou m\u00e1 p\u0159ednost zodpov\u011bzen\u00ed ot\u00e1zky a prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed jej\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti \u010di nespr\u00e1vnosti. Jakmile stanov\u00edte hypot\u00e9zu a ur\u010d\u00edte prom\u011bnn\u00e9, m\u016f\u017eete za\u010d\u00edt s experimenty. V ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b budete shroma\u017e\u010fovat \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 va\u0161i hypot\u00e9zu podpo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Zapi\u0161te si to<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Po seps\u00e1n\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy prove\u010fte anal\u00fdzu v\u0161ech shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a vyvo\u010fte z\u00e1v\u011bry ve form\u00e1tu v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uvoln\u011bte s\u00edlu infografiky s Mind the Graph<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vyu\u017eijte t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti a zahr\u0148te do sv\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee objasnit va\u0161i hypot\u00e9zu. Mind The Graph m\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bdce v design\u00e9ry a zvy\u0161uje vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad va\u0161eho v\u00fdzkumu pomoc\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch obr\u00e1zk\u016f a \u0161ablon infografik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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