{"id":15660,"date":"2022-03-15T15:42:07","date_gmt":"2022-03-15T18:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=15660"},"modified":"2024-05-15T10:45:23","modified_gmt":"2024-05-15T13:45:23","slug":"the-key-visual-science-scientific-illustration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/the-key-visual-science-scientific-illustration\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 ilustrace: Kl\u00ed\u010d ke sv\u011btu vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace je ve v\u011bd\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Hodn\u011b z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na p\u0159edm\u011btu, od atomu p\u0159es gen a\u017e po krystal nebo dokonce celou galaxii. Jej\u00edm c\u00edlem je osv\u011btlit poznatky pomoc\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch prvk\u016f. Proto v\u011bdci ke sd\u00edlen\u00ed objev\u016f, my\u0161lenek a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke komunikaci jak obr\u00e1zky, tak text.<br>&nbsp;<br>Jin\u00fdmi slovy, um\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/advancements-in-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pokrok ve v\u011bd\u011b<\/a> a jak se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed znalosti.  V\u011bda a um\u011bn\u00ed jsou \u010dasto vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako protiklady, ale v\u011bdeck\u00e1 ilustrace se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na pomez\u00ed obou obor\u016f.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jste se setkali s mnoha v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi ilustracemi, i kdybyste tento obor neznali.  Pod\u00edvejte se do sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00fdch knih, na muzejn\u00ed v\u00fdstavu, kterou jste za\u017eili, nebo dokonce na tabulku v ordinaci l\u00e9ka\u0159e, kter\u00e1 zobrazuje obrysy r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku najdete mnohem v\u00edce informac\u00ed o t\u00e9to problematice. P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si v\u0161e, co pot\u0159ebujete v\u011bd\u011bt o v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00edch a jejich z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli ve v\u011bd\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-scientific-illustration\"><strong>Co je to v\u011bdeck\u00e1 ilustrace?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace jsou metodou komunikace, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm a informativn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem prezentovat slo\u017eit\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, detaily a teorie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011bdeck\u00e9 pojmy je mo\u017en\u00e9 srozumiteln\u011bji sd\u011blit pomoc\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed, nikoliv technick\u00fdm \u017eargonem, kter\u00fd se k jejich popisu \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. Kreslen\u00ed nebo p\u0159esn\u00e9 ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch obr\u00e1zk\u016f je zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm tito um\u011blci nebo ilustr\u00e1to\u0159i sd\u011bluj\u00ed v\u011bdu a informuj\u00ed publikum.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K vytvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u011bde\u010dt\u00ed ilustr\u00e1to\u0159i kombinaci estetiky a technick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed.  Pomoc\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed, grafiky a multim\u00e9di\u00ed lze koncepty jasn\u011b prezentovat a vizu\u00e1ln\u011b ztv\u00e1rnit, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi pro \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu publika.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pomoc\u00ed n\u011bj mohou u\u017eivatel\u00e9 vysv\u011btlovat slo\u017eit\u00e9 pojmy \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu publiku a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vat l\u00e9ka\u0159e nebo v\u011bdce prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1zorn\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed nebo animac\u00ed.  S\u00edlu obr\u00e1zk\u016f p\u0159ece nelze podce\u0148ovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-a-brief-history\"><strong>Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Lid\u00e9 ji\u017e od prav\u011bku zobrazovali sv\u011bt kolem sebe prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed. Jeskynn\u00ed malby z paleolitu zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata jsou d\u016fkazem t\u00e9to d\u00e1vno zaveden\u00e9 praxe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jeskynn\u00ed malby Chauvet v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii jsou dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem paleolitick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed ilustrace. Odhaduje se, \u017ee jeskynn\u00ed malby vznikly p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 33 000 a\u017e 300 000 lety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cave-paintings-from-paleolithic-times-illustrating-animals-chaveaux.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cave-paintings-from-paleolithic-times-illustrating-animals-chaveaux.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15667\" width=\"767\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cave-paintings-from-paleolithic-times-illustrating-animals-chaveaux.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cave-paintings-from-paleolithic-times-illustrating-animals-chaveaux-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Replika panelu nosoro\u017ec\u016f z jeskyn\u011b Chauvet.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Jeskyni objevila v roce 1994 skupina turist\u016f. Po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b byly v jeskyn\u00edch objeveny paleolitick\u00e9 \u0159ezby zv\u00ed\u0159at, od indick\u00e9 Bhimbetky (lvi, bizoni a malby) a\u017e po australsk\u00fd Ubirr (malby s motivem klokan\u016f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historicky slou\u017eily ilustrace k dokumentaci objev\u016f a informov\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edch. Ilustrace z doby p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e patn\u00e1cti tis\u00edci lety zobrazovala mamuta se \u0161mouhou ve tvaru srdce na rameni: \u0161mouha se nach\u00e1zela v bl\u00edzkosti srdce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/illustration-mammoth-heart.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/illustration-mammoth-heart.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15669\" width=\"472\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/illustration-mammoth-heart.png 336w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/illustration-mammoth-heart-296x300.png 296w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Jeskynn\u00ed kresba srdce mamuta (Zdroj: Singer C. A Short History of Anatomy from the Greeks to Harvey, Dover Publications, 1957; Kredit: Dover Publications Inc.)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 se jedn\u00e1 o nejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad antropologick\u00e9 ilustrace. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee ilustrace mohla slou\u017eit jako vod\u00edtko pro prvn\u00ed lovce, kde se b\u011bhem lovu nach\u00e1zelo srdce mamuta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Teprve o n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji vytvo\u0159ili u\u010denci v egyptsk\u00e9 Alexandrii knihovnu ur\u010denou k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u0158eck\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Herophilus#:~:text=Herophilus%2C%20(born%20c.,called%20the%20father%20of%20anatomy.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Herophilus<\/a>, kter\u00fd p\u016fsobil v Alexandrii, pitval a kreslil sv\u00e9 sv\u011b\u0159ence, aby l\u00e9pe porozum\u011bl anatomii t\u011bla. Byl pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed jako technick\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednoho z prvn\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ilustrace m\u011bly pro rod\u00edc\u00ed se v\u011bdu z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku lidsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin, od \u0158ecka a Egypta a\u017e po osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed v Evrop\u011b, byla vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed nezbytn\u00e1 pro p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly n\u011bkdy slo\u017eit\u00e9. Ilustrace velk\u00fdch um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u011bl se nach\u00e1zely i na st\u011bn\u00e1ch pyramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/hieroglyphs-pyramids.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/hieroglyphs-pyramids-img-222.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15671\" width=\"806\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/hieroglyphs-pyramids-img-222.jpg 691w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/hieroglyphs-pyramids-img-222-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed jsme museli pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace, abychom mohli <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/visual-abstract\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sd\u00edlet vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed informace<\/a>. Ilustrace m\u00e1 i dnes velkou s\u00edlu, a to i d\u00edky mobiln\u00edm telefon\u016fm a fotoapar\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1me k dispozici. Obr\u00e1zek m\u016f\u017ee zobrazit v\u017edy jen jednu perspektivu, ilustrace jich m\u016f\u017ee zobrazit mnoho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00edky dovednostem v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho ilustr\u00e1tora lze zn\u00e1zornit slo\u017eit\u00e9 konstrukce s n\u011bkolika zaost\u0159ovac\u00edmi liniemi, upozornit na detaily nebo znovu sestavit rozebran\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd je s fotoapar\u00e1tem nemo\u017en\u00fd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i pohledu na galerie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03306-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace z minul\u00fdch stolet\u00ed<\/a>, objev\u00edte slo\u017eit\u00e9 ilustrace, kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00ed bizarn\u011b a z\u00e1rove\u0148 dokonale. V\u011bdci na sv\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00edch \u010dasto zobrazuj\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e jen jeden exempl\u00e1\u0159. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace se s rozvojem inovac\u00ed a technologi\u00ed staly p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-various-types-of-scientific-illustrations\"><strong>R\u016fzn\u00e9 typy v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-natural-history-illustrations-and-mappings\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e9 ilustrace a mapy<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o ilustraci historick\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch teori\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.  Sb\u00edrka obsahuje ilustrace \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, rostlin a mikrob\u016f v jejich prost\u0159ed\u00ed.  Mnoho z nejstar\u0161\u00edch ilustrac\u00ed ve v\u011bd\u011b poch\u00e1zelo pr\u00e1v\u011b z t\u00e9to oblasti, proto\u017ee je siln\u011b zalo\u017eena na pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/natural-history-illustration.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"723\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/natural-history-illustration-723x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15673\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/natural-history-illustration-723x1024.jpg 723w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/natural-history-illustration-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/natural-history-illustration-768x1088.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/natural-history-illustration.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Pennatulida z: Um\u011bleck\u00e9 formy p\u0159\u00edrody od Ernsta Haeckela v Kunstformen der Natur (1899 a\u017e 1904)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ilustr\u00e1to\u0159i prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed ilustrace minul\u00fdch i sou\u010dasn\u00fdch t\u00e9mat jako zp\u016fsob, jak l\u00e9pe pochopit a studovat ur\u010dit\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed jevy. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm t\u011bchto d\u011bl lze vid\u011bt nebo sd\u011blit fakta o zkamen\u011blin\u00e1ch, \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at a \u017eivot\u011b na planet\u011b. N\u011bkolik star\u0161\u00edch z nich obsahuje mapy a ilustrace stanovi\u0161\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-restoration-and-illustration-of-extinct-species\"><strong>Obnova a ilustrace vyhynul\u00fdch druh\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I kdy\u017e je to specifi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edrodopisn\u00e1 ilustrace, je to podobn\u00e9.  Ve sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch je mnoho ilustrac\u00ed dinosaur\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch vyhynul\u00fdch druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b vlnit\u00fdch mamut\u016f a \u0161avlozub\u00fdch tygr\u016f.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/mauritian-giant-skink-updated.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1000\" height=\"953\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/mauritian-giant-skink-updated.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/mauritian-giant-skink-updated.png 1000w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/mauritian-giant-skink-updated-300x286.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/mauritian-giant-skink-updated-768x732.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Mauricijsk\u00fd ob\u0159\u00ed scink od Kary Perilliov\u00e9<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Um\u011bleck\u00e1 d\u00edla, kter\u00e1 dnes vid\u00edte, byla vytvo\u0159ena s pomoc\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016f a fosiln\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f tis\u00edce let pot\u00e9, co tito tvorov\u00e9 vyhynuli.  Krom\u011b t\u011bchto popul\u00e1rn\u00edch vyhynul\u00fdch druh\u016f existuje tak\u00e9 \u0159ada m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdch vyhynul\u00fdch druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed ilustr\u00e1to\u0159i zkoumaj\u00ed, aby mohli ilustrovat vyhynul\u00e9 druhy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-the-forensic-reconstruction-of-facial-structures\"><strong>Forenzn\u00ed rekonstrukce obli\u010dejov\u00fdch struktur&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/face-reconstruction-process.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/face-reconstruction-process.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15676\" width=\"769\" height=\"727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/face-reconstruction-process.png 903w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/face-reconstruction-process-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/face-reconstruction-process-768x725.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Metody rekonstrukce obli\u010deje: (A) dvourozm\u011brn\u00e1 manu\u00e1ln\u00ed, (B) trojrozm\u011brn\u00e1 manu\u00e1ln\u00ed, (C) trojrozm\u011brn\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Podobn\u011b jako na\u0161e p\u0159edchoz\u00ed ilustrace je i tato v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1. Antropologick\u00e1 rekonstrukce obli\u010deje s pou\u017eit\u00edm lebky nebo kost\u00ed na\u0161ich ran\u00fdch hominidn\u00edch p\u0159edk\u016f jako podklad pro tento typ ilustrace.  D\u00edky tomu si m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat p\u0159edstavu o tom, kdo byli na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9, a tak\u00e9 se o nich n\u011bco dozv\u011bd\u011bt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-botanical-illustrations\"><strong>Botanick\u00e9 ilustrace<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustration.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"744\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustration-744x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustration-744x1024.png 744w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustration-218x300.png 218w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustration-768x1056.png 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustration.png 780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edrodopisn\u00e9 ilustrace \u010dasto zobrazuj\u00ed botanick\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty a jejich anatomick\u00e9 charakteristiky.  Je v\u017edy zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 ilustrovat nov\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, proto\u017ee existuje mnoho rostlinn\u00fdch druh\u016f a objev\u016f. Ilustrace v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti podrobn\u011b popisuj\u00ed cel\u00fd proces, jak rostlina funguje, a tak\u00e9 jej\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-models-and-images-for-museum-exhibits\"><strong>Modely a obr\u00e1zky pro muzejn\u00ed expon\u00e1ty<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/models-museum.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/models-museum-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15680\" width=\"777\" height=\"585\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>V\u00fdstava Body Worlds Vital<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Um\u011bleck\u00e1 tvorba v\u00fdstav pro muzea v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k v\u00fdchovn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed.  Obsah jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdstav se zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed, od interaktivn\u00edch v\u00fdstav v\u010detn\u011b zkamen\u011blin a\u017e po v\u00fdstavy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na textu. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee ve\u0159ejnost m\u016f\u017ee jejich obsah snadno pochopit, slou\u017e\u00ed tyto expon\u00e1ty z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti k osv\u011bt\u011b ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-infographics\"><strong>Infografika<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tvorba funk\u010dn\u00edho um\u011bn\u00ed je siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bna daty a informacemi.  Pro v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9ho um\u011blce je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vybrat relevantn\u00ed a p\u0159esn\u00e1 data, kter\u00e1 lze zobrazit srozumiteln\u00fdm a estetick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/infographic-example.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/infographic-example.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15683\" width=\"662\" height=\"662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/infographic-example.png 550w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/infographic-example-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/infographic-example-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>&nbsp;\u0160ablona infografiky <em>z <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010casto se setk\u00e1te s infografikami, jako jsou ty, kter\u00e9 byly vytvo\u0159eny v <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tv\u016frce infografiky Mind the Graph<\/a>, v novin\u00e1ch, na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch a dokonce i na mobiln\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V z\u00e1vislosti na slo\u017eitosti n\u00e1vrhu by se mohl pou\u017e\u00edvat pro v\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum nebo pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-digital-3-d-models-animations-videos\"><strong>Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed 3D modely, animace a videa<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>3D modelov\u00e1n\u00ed a animace si s rozvojem technologi\u00ed z\u00edskaly velkou oblibu.  D\u00edky n\u011bmu m\u016f\u017eete modelovat organismus, procesy, rostliny a zv\u00ed\u0159ata v jejich celistvosti, nikoliv pouze vizu\u00e1ln\u011b.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/styles.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/styles.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/styles.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/styles-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/styles-768x448.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>P\u0159\u00edklady p\u0159ednastaven\u00fdch styl\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze pou\u017e\u00edt na <a href=\"https:\/\/3dproteinimaging.com\/protein-imager\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Protein Imager.<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>U\u017eivatel m\u016f\u017ee s objektem interagovat a sledovat, jak funguj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla a jak vypad\u00e1 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fahl\u016f pohledu. Lze p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bt procesy a v men\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku lze tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et funk\u010dn\u00ed modely, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, jak to funguje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-examples-of-scientific-illustrations-in-practice\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed v praxi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace se od jeskynn\u00edch maleb nesporn\u011b velmi li\u0161\u00ed. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu historie se metody zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody vyv\u00edjely od primitivn\u00edho um\u011bn\u00ed a rytin a\u017e po digit\u00e1ln\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed, datovou grafiku a fotografie. Ilustrace v\u011bdc\u016f se vyv\u00edjely v souladu s technologick\u00fdm pokrokem a v\u00fdvojem v\u011bdy samotn\u00e9. Pod\u00edvejte se na n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-botanical-scientific-illustration-examples\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady botanick\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustrations-example.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"604\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustrations-example-1024x604.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustrations-example-1024x604.png 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustrations-example-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustrations-example-768x453.png 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustrations-example-1536x905.png 1536w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/botanical-illustrations-example.png 1561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ilustrace z <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/illustrations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Galerie Mind the Graph.<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustr\u00e1tor\u016f pracovali na p\u0159\u00edrodopisn\u00fdch ilustrac\u00edch, kter\u00e9 zobrazuj\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota rostlin a hmyzu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed se evrop\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdci vyd\u00e1vali do Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, Austr\u00e1lie a na Galap\u00e1gy, aby zde sb\u00edrali a zkoumali p\u0159\u00edrodu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak se \"Nov\u00fd sv\u011bt\" st\u00e1val zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, p\u0159ib\u00fdvalo ilustrac\u00ed dokumentuj\u00edc\u00edch jeho nov\u011b objeven\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed. V\u011bdec a ilustr\u00e1tor <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Sibylla_Merian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Maria Sibylla Merian<\/a> ilustroval mnoho rostlin a hmyzu. Byla to ona, kdo studoval metamorf\u00f3zu a vysv\u011btlil vztah mezi organismy a hostitelskou rostlinou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-animals-scientific-illustrations-examples\"><strong>V\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace zv\u00ed\u0159at P\u0159\u00edklady<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/animals-illustrations-example.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/animals-illustrations-example-1024x608.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15690\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/animals-illustrations-example-1024x608.png 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/animals-illustrations-example-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/animals-illustrations-example-768x456.png 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/animals-illustrations-example-1536x913.png 1536w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/animals-illustrations-example.png 1562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><em>Ilustrace z <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/illustrations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Galerie Mind the Graph.<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Haeckel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ernst Haeckel<\/a> byl zoolog, kter\u00fd se zam\u011b\u0159il na symetrii a p\u0159irozenou kr\u00e1su p\u0159\u00edrody, co\u017e pomohlo nov\u011b definovat v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace. Obr\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 nakreslil, pomohly definovat modern\u00ed v\u011bdeckou ilustraci.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dodnes se objevuj\u00ed ve v\u011bdeck\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch a m\u011bly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na um\u011bn\u00ed a architekturu 20. stolet\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho navrhl klasifika\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na evolu\u010dn\u00ed historii pro \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kterou nazval \"Protista\", a objevil v n\u00ed \u0159adu nov\u00fdch druh\u016f.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jeho pr\u00e1ce p\u0159ipravila p\u016fdu pro pojmy jako fyziologie, fylogeneze a ekologie, kter\u00e9 se staly b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi v biologii. Po cel\u00fd \u017eivot byl fascinov\u00e1n vznikem jin\u00fdch ne\u017e n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch forem, co\u017e ho vedlo k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Kunstformen der Natur, ilustrovan\u00e9 knihy o form\u00e1ch \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-medical-scientific-illustration-examples\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/medical-illustrations-example.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/medical-illustrations-example-1024x607.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15691\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/medical-illustrations-example-1024x607.png 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/medical-illustrations-example-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/medical-illustrations-example-768x455.png 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/medical-illustrations-example-1536x911.png 1536w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/medical-illustrations-example.png 1563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ilustrace z <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/app\/illustrations\/subcategory\/botany\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Galerie Mind the Graph<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonardo_da_Vinci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Leonardo da Vinci<\/a> zobrazil lidsk\u00e9 srdce (kolem 1511-1513). Da Vinci je zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky sv\u00fdm obraz\u016fm, ale b\u011bhem sv\u00e9 slavn\u00e9 kari\u00e9ry byl tak\u00e9 v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fdm hv\u011bzd\u00e1\u0159em, zru\u010dn\u00fdm architektem, zku\u0161en\u00fdm konstrukt\u00e9rem zbran\u00ed a seri\u00f3zn\u00edm badatelem v oblasti lidsk\u00e9 anatomie a botaniky.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zjistil, \u017ee srdce m\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i komory nam\u00edsto dvou, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pozoroval, jak se otev\u00edr\u00e1 a zav\u00edr\u00e1 aort\u00e1ln\u00ed chlope\u0148, tak\u017ee krev m\u016f\u017ee proudit pouze jedn\u00edm sm\u011brem. Da Vinciho ilustrace, kter\u00e1 je nyn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 sb\u00edrky, se dochovala v pozoruhodn\u011b dobr\u00e9m stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-how-to-make-a-scientific-illustration\"><strong>Jak vytvo\u0159it v\u011bdeckou ilustraci<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/how-to-make-a-scientific-illustration.gif\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/how-to-make-a-scientific-illustration.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15707\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>P\u0159\u00edklad <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/c12KFquAvKE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">proces ilustrace<\/a> od n\u00e1vrh\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu Mind the Graph.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-the-importance-of-research-is-immeasurable\"><strong>1.  V\u00fdznam v\u00fdzkumu je nezm\u011brn\u00fd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pot\u00e9, co jste si vybrali t\u00e9ma nov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, je \u010das ho zah\u00e1jit.  V\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed pr\u016fzkumem t\u00e9matu.  Dobrou ilustraci je mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it pouze tehdy, pokud m\u00e1te jasnou p\u0159edstavu o tom, co se sna\u017e\u00edte ilustrovat, a uv\u011bdomujete si, jak je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nakonec sd\u00edlen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fdch informac\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee trvat dlouho, ale m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam.  Ilustr\u00e1to\u0159i mus\u00ed prov\u00e9st pr\u016fzkum t\u00e9matu a okol\u00ed sv\u00e9ho \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edho bodu, aby mohli vytvo\u0159it kvalitn\u00ed ilustrace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-an-initial-sketch\"><strong>2.  Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1\u010drtek<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1\u010drtech bude hodn\u011b hrubek. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9 um\u011bleck\u00e9 d\u00edlo proch\u00e1z\u00ed hrub\u00fdmi skicami a koncep\u010dn\u00edmi f\u00e1zemi, ne\u017e se nakonec uskute\u010dn\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e jsou o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e1koli. P\u0159ijm\u011bte tento proces! Abyste dos\u00e1hli um\u011bleck\u00e9ho d\u00edla, budete ho muset dlouho opravovat a upravovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-experiment-with-selected-tools\"><strong>3.  Experimentujte s vybran\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V z\u00e1vislosti na m\u00e9diu, kter\u00e9 ilustr\u00e1tor pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, je pro n\u011bj nezbytn\u00e9 procvi\u010dovat pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zvolen\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje (nap\u0159\u00edklad pero a tu\u0161, ilustra\u010dn\u00ed software, 3D software atd.), aby dos\u00e1hl vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch efekt\u016f a zdokonalil svou techniku.&nbsp;<br><br>Ne\u017e se rozhodnete pro Adobe Illustrator, zva\u017ete pou\u017eit\u00ed kreslic\u00edho tabletu a digit\u00e1ln\u00edch \u0161t\u011btc\u016f v aplikaci Adobe Photoshop. Pokud v\u0161ak pot\u0159ebujete snadn\u00e9 hladk\u00e9 ilustrace, p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte o. <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a>, platformu vytvo\u0159enou speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro v\u011bdeck\u00e9 um\u011bleck\u00e9 projekty s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed galeri\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b, ze kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eete pracovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-decide-on-the-composition-transfer-drawings\"><strong>4.  Rozhodn\u011bte o slo\u017een\u00ed a p\u0159enosu v\u00fdkres\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na typu pou\u017eit\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia, ale obvykle se p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 kresb\u011b nebo malb\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed hotov\u00e1 kompozice nebo obrys na plochu. K p\u0159enesen\u00ed n\u00e1\u010drtu je t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edt pauzovac\u00ed pap\u00edr. Ilustr\u00e1to\u0159i mohou k urychlen\u00ed procesu p\u0159enosu pou\u017e\u00edvat sv\u011bteln\u00e9 boxy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159es p\u016fvodn\u00ed skicu se polo\u017e\u00ed pap\u00edr pro kone\u010dnou ilustraci, kter\u00fd umo\u017en\u00ed prosv\u00edtat sv\u011btlo pro obkreslen\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00e9 ilustrace na pap\u00edr. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed ilustrace funguj\u00ed trochu jinak ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed skici. V\u011bt\u0161ina pr\u00e1ce se prov\u00e1d\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm softwaru, tak\u017ee ji lze prov\u00e9st snadno a \u010dist\u011b.<br><br>S n\u00e1strojem Mind the Graph m\u016f\u017eete voln\u011b upravovat kompozici s mnoha prost\u0159edky a p\u0159izp\u016fsobiteln\u00fdmi prvky, abyste dos\u00e1hli zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9ho c\u00edle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-finish-the-final-illustration\"><strong>5.  Dokon\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 ilustrace<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento krok je sice zd\u00e1nliv\u011b jednoduch\u00fd, ale zabere hodn\u011b \u010dasu.  B\u011bhem procesu tvorby fin\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace mus\u00ed ilustr\u00e1tor neust\u00e1le p\u0159ehodnocovat obsah, rozvr\u017een\u00ed, design a vzhled produktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pomoc\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00edch sn\u00edmk\u016f m\u016f\u017eete realisticky zn\u00e1zornit r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty a sledovat, jak osv\u011btlen\u00ed a pozice ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed vzhled p\u0159edm\u011btu. Zahrnut\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 tak\u00e9 u v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed, v z\u00e1vislosti na oboru nebo obsahu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-creating-a-science-figure-with-mind-the-graph\"><strong>Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 postavy pomoc\u00ed Mind the Graph <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mind the Graph Zku\u0161enosti | Tvorba v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho obr\u00e1zku #3\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WtL6kTtQRvU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-common-mistakes-to-avoid\"><strong>Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chyby, kter\u00fdch se vyvarujte<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Chyby u v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed vznikaj\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011bnou s naturalistick\u00fdmi kresbami nebo dokonce s extr\u00e9mn\u011b realistick\u00fdmi kresbami. Mezi odborn\u00edky na ilustraci se vedou velk\u00e9 diskuse o hranici t\u011bchto discipl\u00edn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I kdy\u017e se o v\u00fdznamu jednotliv\u00fdch v\u011btv\u00ed vedou s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 debaty, v n\u011bkter\u00fdch bodech panuje ur\u010dit\u00e1 shoda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-avoid-subjectiveness\"><strong>Vyhn\u011bte se subjektivit\u011b<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tvorba ilustrac\u00ed m\u00e1 tendenci b\u00fdt subjektivn\u00ed, co\u017e je jedna z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chyb diskutovan\u00fdch v t\u00e9to oblasti. Hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9m lze nal\u00e9zt v p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 subjektivn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu autora, kter\u00fd sm\u011b\u0161uje informa\u010dn\u00ed funkci d\u00edla a jeho osobn\u00ed interpretaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-don-t-let-aesthetics-overtake\"><strong>Nenechte se ovl\u00e1dnout estetikou<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011bdci, v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci, muzea, redakto\u0159i a novin\u00e1\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace, aby n\u011bco vysv\u011btlili. Ilustrace v\u011bdeck\u00fdch informac\u00ed nevytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed sami nebo jejich auto\u0159i. Proto je oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed estetiky p\u0159ed funk\u010dnost\u00ed velkou chybou. V\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159esn\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vizu\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednou z chyb, kter\u00e9 se \u010dasto d\u011blaj\u00ed, je p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu p\u0159esnosti ur\u010dit\u00fdch rys\u016f obrazu a p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed synt\u00e9zy sd\u011blen\u00ed. N\u011bkdy se st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee ilustrace z\u00edsk\u00e1 status um\u011bleck\u00e9ho d\u00edla v\u00edce ne\u017e v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace kv\u016fli sv\u00fdm interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00edm aspekt\u016fm, a tak je ohro\u017eena v\u011bdeck\u00e1 informace nam\u00edsto jin\u00fdch estetick\u00fdch hledisek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-also-don-t-do-the-opposite\"><strong>Ned\u011blejte tak\u00e9 prav\u00fd opak <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Opa\u010dn\u00e1 pot\u00ed\u017e nast\u00e1v\u00e1, kdy\u017e se v\u011bnuje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho pozornosti v\u011bdeck\u00e9 v\u011brohodnosti a m\u00e1lo estetick\u00fdm aspekt\u016fm. Lze naj\u00edt d\u00edla, kter\u00e1 jsou velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 pro akademick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, ale ne nutn\u011b pro informa\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely, co\u017e je dal\u0161\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-attention-to-details\"><strong>Pozornost v\u011bnovan\u00e1 detail\u016fm<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Krom\u011b toho doch\u00e1z\u00ed k chyb\u00e1m ve v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00edch kv\u016fli n\u00edzk\u00e9mu stupni konzistence barev, vzor\u016f a form\u00e1t\u016f, nesouladu mezi pojmy a n\u00e1vrhy, nedodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed oborov\u00fdch k\u00f3d\u016f, nekonzistentn\u00edm proporc\u00edm a \u00fahl\u016fm, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b srozumiteln\u00fdch slov a symbol\u016f a absenci graf\u016f s p\u0159esn\u00fdmi m\u011b\u0159\u00edtky.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 prov\u00e9st d\u016fkladn\u00fd pr\u016fzkum t\u00e9matu, porozum\u011bt mu a pak ho za\u010d\u00edt ilustrovat. Pokud chcete dos\u00e1hnout tohoto c\u00edle snaz\u0161\u00ed cestou, zkuste tvo\u0159it z p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 \u0161ablony, kter\u00e1 v\u00e1m poskytne ide\u00e1ln\u00ed rozvr\u017een\u00ed pro vylep\u0161en\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eete naj\u00edt p\u011bknou <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/infographic-templates\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">galerie v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u0161ablon<\/a> upravovat v <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011bdci dnes maj\u00ed k dispozici celou \u0159adu vizualiza\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunikaci jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed makro- a mikrofotografi\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako obr\u00e1zk\u016f odvozen\u00fdch z v\u011bdeck\u00fdch dat, je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 praxe, proto\u017ee jsou objektivn\u00ed a zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed poznatky o dan\u00e9m t\u00e9matu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ilustrace v\u0161ak mohou tak\u00e9 zast\u0159\u00edt \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed obraz t\u00edm, \u017ee se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na detailn\u00ed informace. Stejn\u011b jako v u\u010debnic\u00edch a v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u010dasopisech ilustrace zjednodu\u0161uj\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, aby div\u00e1ci mohli pochopit v\u011bdeck\u00e9 koncepty. Um\u011bleck\u00e1 kvalita ilustrac\u00ed a jejich kreativita zvy\u0161uj\u00ed z\u00e1jem \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f o v\u011bdeck\u00e9 texty a \u010din\u00ed v\u011bdu p\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud hled\u00e1te inspiraci pro v\u011bdeckou ilustraci, pod\u00edvejte se na str\u00e1nky <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/illustrations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed galerie v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/a>, kde si m\u016f\u017eete vybrat z mnoha kategori\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edt je p\u0159i tvorb\u011b. Jako u\u017eivatel\u00e9 Mind the Graph si nav\u00edc m\u016f\u017eete vy\u017e\u00e1dat konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ilustrace na zak\u00e1zku od t\u00fdmu odborn\u00edk\u016f na ilustrace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1362\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/mtg-80-plus-fields.gif\" alt=\"v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace\" class=\"wp-image-29586\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-1 wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" style=\"border-radius:23px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Za\u010dn\u011bte tvo\u0159it s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:52px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zde se dozv\u00edte v\u0161e, co pot\u0159ebujete v\u011bd\u011bt o v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00edch, jak je vytv\u00e1\u0159et a o jejich z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli ve v\u011bd\u011b.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15661,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1000,844,66,40,958,999,38,850],"tags":[51,554,250,964,775,962],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Scientific illustration: The key to a world of visual science - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn everything you need to know about scientific illustrations, how to make them and their crucial role in science here.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/the-key-visual-science-scientific-illustration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Visual abstracts made easy with Mind the Graph\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Your visual abstracts can be beautiful with Mind the Graph. 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