{"id":15587,"date":"2022-02-16T19:11:04","date_gmt":"2022-02-16T21:11:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/how-scientific-names-are-written-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T15:48:12","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T18:48:12","slug":"how-scientific-names-are-written","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/jak-se-pisi-vedecke-nazvy\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak se p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m psan\u00ed je p\u0159esn\u00e1 terminologie nezbytn\u00e1. D\u00edky existuj\u00edc\u00ed taxonomii proto v\u011bdci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed standardn\u00ed term\u00edny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed a klasifikace rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f existovaly v historii, ale nebyly v\u017edy standardizovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed v\u011bdci jako Carl Linnaeus v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bli k zalo\u017een\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1pisu v\u011bdeck\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bylo u\u010din\u011bno tolik nov\u00fdch objev\u016f o organismech, \u017ee jejich pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed se stalo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fdm, a proto byla zavedena taxonomie a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V modern\u00edm taxonomick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu je mo\u017en\u00e9 odkazovat na stejn\u00fd druh bez ohledu na jazyk, kter\u00fdm se mluv\u00ed. V oblasti v\u011bdy se t\u00edmto r\u00e1mcem \u0159\u00edd\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fd v\u00fdzkum zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na lep\u0161\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fdch organism\u016f a jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Jak se p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Je nezbytn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee v\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev druhu - a\u0165 u\u017e jde o rostlinu, \u017eivo\u010dicha, bakterii, houbu atd. - se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: jednoho rodu, dvou rod\u016f a pak n\u00e1zvu druhu, zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako binomick\u00e9 n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Jak funguje binomick\u00e1 nomenklatura?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V roce 1753 zavedl Linn\u00e9us svou binomickou nomenklaturu, kter\u00e1 se od t\u00e9 doby \u0161iroce ujala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biologick\u00e9 druhy se ozna\u010duj\u00ed latinsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1zvy, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed dva kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 prvky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\"<em>Je to <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genus\"><em>rod<\/em><\/a><em> po kter\u00e9m n\u00e1sleduje <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species\"><em>druhy<\/em><\/a>\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidlo pro psan\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Za rodov\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem by m\u011blo n\u00e1sledovat druhov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u0161echna jm\u00e9na by m\u011bla b\u00fdt ps\u00e1na kurz\u00edvou.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Krom\u011b rodov\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na nepi\u0161te nic s velk\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>[M\u011bjte v\u0161ak na pam\u011bti, \u017ee v\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subspecies#:~:text=In%20biological%20classification%2C%20the%20term,one%20another%20by%20morphological%20characteristics.&amp;text=In%20the%20wild%2C%20subspecies%20do,geographic%20isolation%20or%20sexual%20selection.\">poddruh<\/a>, pokud je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro identifikaci druhu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1zvy v\u0161ech v\u011bdeck\u00fdch organism\u016f jsou definov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iapt-taxon.org\/nomen\/main.php\">mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed k\u00f3dy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> V\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev tygra je <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/species\/tiger#:~:text=Map%20data%20provided%20by%20IUCN,Sunda%20(Panthera%20tigris%20sondaica).\"><em>Panthera tigris<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev v latin\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad Panthera tigris, se v\u017edy p\u00ed\u0161e kurz\u00edvou a prvn\u00ed slovo s velk\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zde se pro ozna\u010den\u00ed rodu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Panthera a pro ozna\u010den\u00ed druhu tigris. Kombinace t\u011bchto dvou prvk\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev tygra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/all-access-pricing?utm_source=mtg&amp;utm_campaign=all-access-promotion&amp;utm_medium=blog\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1024x410.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1536x615.png 1536w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-2048x820.png 2048w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-100x40.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Syst\u00e9m klasifikace m\u00e1 sedm t\u0159\u00edd<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Do taxonomie, standardn\u00ed binomick\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 nomenklatury, pat\u0159\u00ed pouze rod, druh a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b poddruh. Vezm\u011bme si nap\u0159\u00edklad tygra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed:<\/strong> Animalia - do t\u00e9to kategorie pat\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ichni \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Phylum:<\/strong> Chordata (t\u0159\u00edda obratlovc\u016f) - do t\u00e9to klasifikace pat\u0159\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 s chord\u00e1ty a p\u00e1te\u0159\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u0159\u00edda:<\/strong> Do t\u00e9to kategorie pat\u0159\u00ed savci se srst\u00ed a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdmi \u017el\u00e1zami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Objedn\u00e1vka:<\/strong> Carnivora, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje v\u0161echny druhy maso\u017eravc\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rodina:<\/strong> Felidae - do t\u00e9to \u010deledi pat\u0159\u00ed ko\u010dky dom\u00e1c\u00ed i divok\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rod:<\/strong> Panthera - kategorie velk\u00fdch, \u0159vav\u00fdch ko\u010dek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Druhy:<\/strong> Tygr - ur\u010dit\u00fd druh velk\u00e9 ko\u010dky, kter\u00e1 lov\u00ed a je divok\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Dnes existuje p\u011bt z osmi uznan\u00fdch poddruh\u016f tygra (beng\u00e1lsk\u00fd, amursk\u00fd, indo\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd, sumatersk\u00fd a jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd). Fyzick\u00e9 charakteristiky t\u011bchto poddruh\u016f se li\u0161\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako jejich geografick\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a typ srsti a pruhov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f pro akademick\u00e9 psan\u00ed<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Kurz\u00edva<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi styly a publikacemi mohou b\u00fdt rozd\u00edly. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy je nutn\u00e9 ps\u00e1t v\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u017eivo\u010dicha nebo rostliny kurz\u00edvou. Je to z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vod\u00edtko, pokud jde o zp\u016fsob psan\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Kapitalizace<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Stejn\u011b tak byste m\u011bli ps\u00e1t s velk\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem rod na za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho n\u00e1zvu. U druh\u016f a poddruh\u016f byste m\u011bli pou\u017e\u00edvat mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zkratek pro n\u00e1zvy rod\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i prvn\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00ed rodu je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1zev zkr\u00e1tit: Panthera t. Tigris pro tygry beng\u00e1lsk\u00e9. Pokud uv\u00e1d\u00edte druhy, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno, ale pat\u0159\u00ed do r\u016fzn\u00fdch rod\u016f, nezkracujte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Klasifikace taxonomie nad rodem<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed taxonomick\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b by se m\u011bly ps\u00e1t velk\u00fdmi p\u00edsmeny (\u010dele\u010f, \u0159\u00e1d, t\u0159\u00edda, fylum nebo odd\u00edl a \u0159\u00ed\u0161e), ale nep\u00ed\u0161eme je kurz\u00edvou. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak n\u011bkter\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady: bakterie, houby a viry by se m\u011bly ps\u00e1t kurz\u00edvou i na \u00farovni \u010deled\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Poddruh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Stejn\u011b jako u druhu je poddruh d\u016fsledn\u011b ps\u00e1n mal\u00fdmi p\u00edsmeny a kurz\u00edvou. Pokud je druh i poddruh stejn\u00fd, jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tygra Panthera tigris tigris, zkratka druhu nen\u00ed nutn\u00e1, jako je tomu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Panthera t. Tigris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Druh nezn\u00e1m\u00fd nebo bl\u00ed\u017ee neur\u010den\u00fd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Neur\u010den\u00fd druh by m\u011bl b\u00fdt zkr\u00e1cen na \"sp.\". V mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle se p\u00ed\u0161e \"spp.\". Nap\u0159\u00edklad v lese se vyskytovalo mnoho druh\u016f rodu Cladonia (Cladonia spp.). \"Sp.\" a \"spp.\" se nep\u00ed\u0161ou kurz\u00edvou. Pokud je druh pops\u00e1n poprv\u00e9, uv\u00e1d\u00ed se jako \"sp. Novo.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Jm\u00e9na objevitel\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Za v\u011bdeck\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem n\u011bkdy n\u00e1sleduje zkratka nebo cel\u00e9 jm\u00e9no badatele, kter\u00fd dan\u00fd druh vymyslel nebo organismus objevil (nap\u0159. \". Carolus Linnaeus, v\u00fdznamn\u00fd v\u011bdec, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no bylo latinizov\u00e1no, bylo zkr\u00e1ceno na \"L.\": \"Juncus inflexus L.\"). Jm\u00e9no v\u011bdce nebo jednotlivce se nep\u00ed\u0161e kurz\u00edvou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Konzistentn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho psan\u00ed je konzistence. Je nutn\u00e9 zachovat konzistenci bez ohledu na to, zda pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te b\u011b\u017en\u00fd nebo v\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev. P\u0159ed odesl\u00e1n\u00edm rukopisu si pe\u010dliv\u011b zkontrolujte pokyny k jeho tvorb\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 form\u00e1ty odkaz\u016f a citac\u00ed, nadpis\u016f a po\u0159ad\u00ed odstavc\u016f. Kdykoli p\u00ed\u0161ete v\u011bdeck\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy, m\u016f\u017eete si b\u00fdt jisti, \u017ee form\u00e1t je stejn\u00fd v\u0161ude, kde jsou publikov\u00e1ny, bez ohledu na to, kter\u00fd \u010dasopis hodl\u00e1te pou\u017e\u00edt. Abyste zajistili jednotnost, m\u016f\u017eete se \u0159\u00eddit v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdmi pravidly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S t\u011bmito pravidly a jednoduch\u00fdmi pokyny, jak se v\u011bdeck\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, snad nebudete m\u00edt probl\u00e9my s jejich psan\u00edm nebo pochopen\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1te ps\u00e1t nov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek a tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se v\u00e1m l\u00edbil, nezapome\u0148te se pod\u00edvat na<a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/research-paper-how-to-write\/\">V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek: Jak ps\u00e1t od nuly v 5 snadn\u00fdch kroc\u00edch<\/a>'. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud chcete skute\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u016fvodce, zde najdete <a href=\"https:\/\/content.mindthegraph.com\/guidelines-for-writing-a-scientific-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00fa\u017easn\u00e1 e-kniha <\/a>aby v\u00e1m pomohl napsat neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/content.mindthegraph.com\/guidelines-for-writing-a-scientific-paper\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pokyny pro psan\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u016f\u017eete si tak\u00e9 prohl\u00e9dnout u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 videa na na\u0161\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MindtheGraph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">kan\u00e1l youtube<\/a>. T\u0159eba tento \u010dl\u00e1nek Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat typografii ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 infografice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat typografii ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 infografice<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<center>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat typografii ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 infografice\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/sblqMOVb8yY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/center>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m psan\u00ed je p\u0159esn\u00e1 terminologie nezbytn\u00e1. D\u00edky existuj\u00edc\u00ed taxonomii proto v\u011bdci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed standardn\u00ed term\u00edny. Seznamte se s nimi v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15564,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[38],"tags":[859,554,858,962,382,823,441],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Scientific names are written with pratical examples<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In scientific writing, accurate terminology is imperative, as scientists ourselves, we&#039;re here to teach you how scientific names are written.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/jak-se-pisi-vedecke-nazvy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Visual abstracts made easy with Mind the Graph\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Your visual abstracts can be beautiful with Mind the Graph. 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