{"id":14781,"date":"2021-10-14T14:28:34","date_gmt":"2021-10-14T17:28:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=14781"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:53:24","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:53:24","slug":"motivational-tactics-the-math-behind-the-reward-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/motivacni-taktika-system-odmen\/","title":{"rendered":"Motiva\u010dn\u00ed taktiky: Matematika syst\u00e9mu odm\u011bn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Syst\u00e9m odm\u011bn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vnit\u0159n\u011b motivovan\u00e1 strategie \u0159\u00edd\u00ed, jak velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed vynakl\u00e1d\u00e1me na dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ot\u00e1zka zn\u00ed: Co n\u00e1s motivuje k tomu, abychom se sna\u017eili o dosa\u017een\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoli c\u00edle, a\u0165 se zd\u00e1 jakkoli bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fd? Je to n\u00e1\u0161 mozek, kter\u00fd se n\u00e1s sna\u017e\u00ed nal\u00e1kat na odm\u011bnu jako motiva\u010dn\u00ed strategii, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s po\u017eene vp\u0159ed? Jak\u00e9 d\u016fvody stoj\u00ed za na\u0161\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Syst\u00e9m odm\u011bn je oslaben mnoha patologick\u00fdmi stavy, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje nedostatek motivace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie<\/a> v Japonsku zkoumali s\u00edt\u011b opi\u010d\u00edho syst\u00e9mu odm\u011bn a upravovali je. V\u011bdci ve sv\u00e9 studii odhalili n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch aspekt\u016f syst\u00e9m\u016f odm\u011bn, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem je zv\u00fd\u0161it motivaci. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Ilustrace<\/a>
Ilustrace Mind the Graph: Vervet Monkey Sober<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Z neurologick\u00e9ho hlediska jde o syst\u00e9m odm\u011bn v mozku, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje n\u00e1\u0161 sklon usilovat o c\u00edle a u\u017e\u00edvat si uspokojen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed jejich dosa\u017een\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bdci zkoumaj\u00ed mechanismy syst\u00e9mu odm\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm se rozhoduje o tom, zda zah\u00e1jit ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, aby zjistili zdroj \u0161kodliv\u00fdch psychick\u00fdch obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, s nimi\u017e se mohou pot\u00fdkat ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny lid\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad lid\u00e9 s depres\u00ed, schizofreni\u00ed nebo Parkinsonovou chorobou, jejich\u017e syst\u00e9m odm\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed je obvykle naru\u0161en).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u0160ablona<\/a>
\u0160ablona Mind the Graph<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Dek\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed motivace: Co v\u011bdci zjistili<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd den zva\u017eujeme p\u0159\u00ednosy a n\u00e1klady ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dinnosti a rozhodujeme se, zda jednat, \u010di nikoli. V\u00fdhody (odm\u011bny) zvy\u0161uj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku, zat\u00edmco n\u00e1klady na dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto v\u00fdsledku (riziko, zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a tvrd\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce) vedou ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odm\u011bn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dopamin (DA) je kl\u00ed\u010dovou slo\u017ekou motivace, kter\u00e1 ovliv\u0148uje chov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch odm\u011bn nebo n\u00e1klad\u016f spojen\u00fdch s ur\u010ditou \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozitivn\u00ed augmentace f\u00e1zov\u00e9ho vypalov\u00e1n\u00ed DA neuron\u016f st\u0159edn\u00edho mozku koreluje s potenci\u00e1ln\u00edmi odm\u011bnami a kontraproduktivn\u00ed augmentace koreluje s riziky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DA p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky v mozku prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm DA receptor\u016f, kter\u00e9 vyhled\u00e1vaj\u00ed a v\u00e1\u017eou molekuly DA, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se sign\u00e1ly \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed po cel\u00e9m nervov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. Navzdory tomu, \u017ee se vlastnosti jednotliv\u00fdch receptor\u016f li\u0161\u00ed, bylo nezbytn\u00e9 pochopit relativn\u00ed vliv ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z nich na sign\u00e1ln\u00ed dr\u00e1hu DA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aby v\u011bdci porozum\u011bli motivaci, pou\u017eili opice makaky ke studiu dvou druh\u016f DA receptor\u016f: D1 (D1R) a D2 (D2R) - oba receptory se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na motivaci zalo\u017een\u00e9 na odm\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u0160ablona<\/a>
\u0160ablona Mind the Graph<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

V\u011bdci pou\u017eili systematick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k modulaci D1R a DA receptor\u016f u t\u011bchto opic t\u00edm, \u017ee jim aplikovali molekulu, kter\u00e1 potla\u010dila DA reakci opic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pomoc\u00ed pozitronov\u00e9 emisn\u00ed tomografie bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, kolik receptor\u016f je v mozku zv\u00ed\u0159at v\u00e1z\u00e1no nebo blokov\u00e1no. Pot\u00e9 byly opic\u00edm zad\u00e1ny \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly splnit v\u00fdm\u011bnou za odm\u011bnu. P\u0159itom se zji\u0161\u0165ovalo, zda \u00fakoly p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed, nebo ne, a zda rychle reaguj\u00ed na sign\u00e1ly. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro d\u016fkladn\u00e9 pochopen\u00ed \u00falohy DA v motivaci je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed sledovat vzorce DA b\u011bhem f\u00e1z\u00ed prosp\u011bchu a n\u00e1klad\u016f, jako\u017e i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinku DA na receptory DA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a motivace \u010dlov\u011bka jsou ovlivn\u011bny v\u00fdm\u011bnou mezi odm\u011bnou a n\u00e1klady na jej\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u011b se m\u00e1 za to, \u017ee lid\u00e9 a zv\u00ed\u0159ata d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost okam\u017eit\u00fdm, relativn\u011b mal\u00fdm odm\u011bn\u00e1m p\u0159ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ijdou a\u017e po \u010dase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159enosu DA p\u0159es D1R a D2R je motivace zalo\u017een\u00e1 na n\u00e1kladech \u0159\u00edzena r\u016fzn\u011b v z\u00e1vislosti na dostupn\u00e9 odm\u011bn\u011b a n\u00e1kladech (\u00fasil\u00ed) vynalo\u017een\u00fdch na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00fakol. Na druhou stranu v\u0161ak kompenzace pracovn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee souvisela p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s manipulac\u00ed D2R, proto\u017ee \u0161k\u00e1lovala odm\u011bny podle pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dva podtypy dopaminov\u00fdch receptor\u016f, u nich\u017e zjistili, \u017ee hraj\u00ed komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed roli, mohou pomoci ur\u010dit patofyziologii psychiatrick\u00fdch poruch t\u00edm, \u017ee budou v\u011bnovat pozornost jejich interakc\u00edm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdzkumy, jako je ten jejich, nazna\u010duj\u00ed mo\u017enost zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b motivace mnoha lid\u00ed manipulac\u00ed s jejich vnit\u0159n\u00edm syst\u00e9mem odm\u011bn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00edce informac\u00ed o n\u011bm naleznete v n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9m odkazu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hori, Yukiko, et al. \"D1-a D2-like receptory rozd\u00edln\u011b zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky dopaminergn\u00edho p\u0159enosu na hodnocen\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f\/v\u00fdnos\u016f a motivaci u opic.\" bioRxiv (2021): 2020-11. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Syst\u00e9m odm\u011bn Vnit\u0159n\u011b motivovan\u00e1 strategie \u0159\u00edd\u00ed, jak velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed vynakl\u00e1d\u00e1me na dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edle. Ot\u00e1zka zn\u00ed: Co n\u00e1s motivuje k tomu, abychom vynalo\u017eili maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed na dosa\u017een\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoli c\u00edle, a\u0165 se zd\u00e1 jakkoli bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fd? Je to n\u00e1\u0161 mozek, kter\u00fd se n\u00e1s sna\u017e\u00ed nal\u00e1kat na odm\u011bnu jako motiva\u010dn\u00ed strategii, kter\u00e1 [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":14787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nMotivational Tactics: The Math Behind the Reward System - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is it our brain trying to lure us into a reward as a motivation strategy that will propel us forward? Have you ever thought about that? 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