{"id":12100,"date":"2020-12-30T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-30T11:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12100"},"modified":"2023-01-05T15:13:37","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T18:13:37","slug":"nerve-impulse-the-synapse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/nervovy-impulz-synapse\/","title":{"rendered":"Nervov\u00fd impulz \u010c\u00c1ST 2 - Synapse"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cel\u00fd nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je zalo\u017een na ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1ly <\/strong>a synapse<\/strong> k p\u0159enosu informac\u00ed do cel\u00e9ho t\u011bla. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neurony jsou bu\u0148ky specializovan\u00e9 na p\u0159enos elektrick\u00fdch nebo chemick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f do jin\u00e9ho neuronu po p\u0159esn\u011b definovan\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 vede k c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ce. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je druhou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ze dvou, kter\u00e9 pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00ed o tom, jak tento \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd a slo\u017eit\u00fd syst\u00e9m dok\u00e1\u017ee \u0159\u00eddit t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161e v na\u0161em t\u011ble. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nyn\u00ed se budeme zab\u00fdvat synaptickou \u0161t\u011brbinou - prostorem mezi dv\u011bma neurony, dal\u0161\u00ed oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je rovn\u011b\u017e zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za p\u0159enos nervov\u00e9ho impulsu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1zev <\/em>synapse<\/em><\/strong> <\/em>poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159eck\u00e9ho synapsis<\/em>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \"spojen\u00ed\"<\/em><\/strong>. V\u011bdci m\u011bli po celou historii pot\u00ed\u017ee s nalezen\u00edm term\u00ednu, kter\u00fd by vysv\u011btloval. \"<\/em>spojen\u00ed dvou samostatn\u00fdch prvk\u016f<\/em><\/strong>\"<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V n\u011bkter\u00fdch star\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch se synapse ozna\u010dovala tak\u00e9 jako k\u0159i\u017eovatky<\/em><\/strong>. Dnes je synapse<\/em><\/strong> je n\u00e1zev pro strukturu, kter\u00e1 je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za p\u0159enos sign\u00e1lu do jin\u00e9ho neuronu v roz\u0161t\u011bpu synapse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed v synaps\u00edch se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v synaptick\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbin\u011b, co\u017e je mal\u00e9 m\u00edsto mezi dv\u011bma r\u016fzn\u00fdmi bu\u0148kami vedle sebe. pre-synaptick\u00e9<\/strong> bu\u0148ky a posynaptick\u00e1 bu\u0148ka. <\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f jsou dva neurony propojeny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm axonov\u00e9ho zakon\u010den\u00ed jednoho neuronu - presynaptick\u00e9ho neuronu, kter\u00fd p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 sign\u00e1l - s dendritem dal\u0161\u00edho neuronu - possynaptick\u00e9ho neuronu - kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt bu\u010f c\u00edlovou bu\u0148kou, nebo dal\u0161\u00edm neuronem v \u0159ad\u011b, kter\u00fd bude sign\u00e1l p\u0159ed\u00e1vat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V prostoru mezi bu\u0148kami - v synaptick\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbin\u011b - prob\u00edh\u00e1 obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed najednou, za \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a produkci t\u011bchto nosi\u010d\u016f informac\u00ed je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 velk\u00e1 molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed ma\u0161in\u00e9rie, tyto molekuly se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed neurotransmitery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neurony v\u0161ak ned\u011blaj\u00ed v\u0161echnu pr\u00e1ci samy, maj\u00ed vedle sebe specifick\u00fd typ bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed za \u00fakol podporovat regulaci neurotransmiter\u016f. Tyto bu\u0148ky jsou astrocyty<\/strong>; jsou typem gliov\u00fdch bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glias<\/strong> jsou klasifikov\u00e1ny jako ne-neuron\u00e1ln\u00ed bu\u0148ky - nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed ani nevytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd typ nervov\u00e9ho impulsu nebo sign\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyto bu\u0148ky maj\u00ed mnoho \u00fakol\u016f, kter\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed s pot\u0159ebami neuron\u016f, jako nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd asistent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se v cel\u00e9m centr\u00e1ln\u00edm i perifern\u00edm nervov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. Obecn\u011b poskytuj\u00ed podporu, ochranu a vy\u017eivuj\u00ed neuron \u017eivinami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, neurony jsou specializovan\u00e9 bu\u0148ky zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za p\u0159enos elektrick\u00fdch nebo chemick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto sign\u00e1l\u016f m\u00e1 sv\u016fj zp\u016fsob p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Presynaptick\u00fd neuron zapojen\u00fd do chemick\u00e9 synapse je schopen p\u0159ed\u00e1vat informace nejen neuron\u016fm, ale tak\u00e9 sval\u016fm a \u017el\u00e1z\u00e1m, co\u017e se d\u011bje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ak\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd proch\u00e1z\u00ed cel\u00fdm neuronem, dos\u00e1hne axonov\u00e9ho zakon\u010den\u00ed a pot\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00e1 sign\u00e1l nap\u011b\u0165ov\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm v\u00e1pn\u00edkov\u00fdm kan\u00e1l\u016fm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depolarizac\u00ed se tyto kan\u00e1ly aktivuj\u00ed a otev\u00edraj\u00ed cestu v\u00e1pn\u00edku (Ca+2) dovnit\u0159 neuronu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edsun v\u00e1pn\u00edku do bu\u0148ky je sign\u00e1lem pro synaptick\u00fd v\u00e1\u010dek, kter\u00fd n\u00e1sledn\u011b uvol\u0148uje neurotransmitery do synaptick\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbiny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jakmile se tyto neurotransmitery dostanou do synaptick\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbiny, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed k neurotransmiterov\u00fdm receptor\u016fm posynaptick\u00e9ho neuronu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokra\u010duje tak nervov\u00fd impuls, kter\u00fd se opakuje v dendritech, pak v j\u00e1d\u0159e a p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do axonu, kde pokra\u010duje ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e nervov\u00fd impulz dos\u00e1hne c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, mohou v posynaptick\u00e9m neuronu nastat dva druhy reakc\u00ed - bu\u010f vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, nebo inhibi\u010dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Druh\u00e1, elektrick\u00e1 synapse, prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s chemickou synapsi\u00ed mnohem rychleji, proto\u017ee se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z m\u00e9n\u011b krok\u016f pro p\u0159enos sign\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektrick\u00fd proud se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed kan\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed mezerovit\u00e9 spoje<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny u obou bun\u011bk a spojuj\u00ed presynaptick\u00e9 neurony s posynaptick\u00fdmi.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyto kan\u00e1ly jsou schopny p\u0159epou\u0161t\u011bt elektrick\u00fd proud bez \u00fa\u010dasti neurotransmiter\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee proces synapse nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b spojovat poka\u017ed\u00e9 stejn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti neuronu, jako je termin\u00e1l axonu a dendrity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Existuje v\u00edce uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pro p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nervov\u00fdch impulz\u016f ne\u017e toto. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Axonov\u00e9 termin\u00e1ly z presynaptick\u00fdch bun\u011bk mohou b\u00fdt napojeny p\u0159\u00edmo na krevn\u00ed \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b, axon neuronu nebo dokonce na jin\u00fd axonov\u00fd termin\u00e1l. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 spojeny s dendritickou p\u00e1te\u0159\u00ed neuronu nebo dokonce nemaj\u00ed spojen\u00ed pro uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed neurotransmiter\u016f v extracelul\u00e1rn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V z\u00e1vislosti na typu p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 informace se mus\u00ed uvolnit ur\u010dit\u00fd typ neurotransmiteru, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ze skupiny glutam\u00e1tergn\u00edch, GABAergn\u00edch, cholinergn\u00edch, adrenergn\u00edch s excita\u010dn\u00edm nebo inhibi\u010dn\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regulace neurotransmiter\u016f je velmi jemn\u00fd syst\u00e9m na\u0161eho t\u011bla. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studie proveden\u00e9 mnoha v\u011bdci uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee jeden dysregulovan\u00fd neurotransmiter m\u016f\u017ee ovlivnit ne jednu, ale mnoho \u010dinnost\u00ed v mozku, jako je n\u00e1lada, humor, sp\u00e1nek, chu\u0165 k j\u00eddlu, t\u011blesn\u00e1 teplota, strach, krom\u011b du\u0161evn\u00edch chorob. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad Parkinsonova choroba a schizofrenie, kter\u00e9 jsou dnes zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako nevyl\u00e9\u010diteln\u00e9 nemoci, souvisej\u00ed s dysfunkc\u00ed neurotransmiteru dopaminu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nervov\u00fd impuls je celkov\u011b zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za komunikaci a p\u0159enos v\u0161ech informac\u00ed v cel\u00e9m t\u011ble. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mal\u00fd probl\u00e9m nebo porucha regulace m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit velk\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky a onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. V\u011bdci st\u00e1le hledaj\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zky, jak tuto slo\u017eitou s\u00ed\u0165 zcela pochopit.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

____<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00edbila se v\u00e1m infografika v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku? M\u016f\u017eete ji pou\u017e\u00edt i ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci, klikn\u011bte zde<\/a> a zobraz\u00ed se v\u0161echny \u0161ablony dostupn\u00e9 pro u\u017eivatele Mind the Graph. Nemus\u00edte za\u010d\u00ednat od nuly. Nebo m\u016f\u017eete za\u010d\u00edt vytv\u00e1\u0159et pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f<\/a>, pomoc\u00ed na\u0161eho neurologie<\/a> galerie a v\u00edce<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cel\u00fd nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je zalo\u017een na ak\u010dn\u00edch potenci\u00e1lech a synaps\u00edch, kter\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed informace do cel\u00e9ho t\u011bla. Neurony jsou bu\u0148ky specializovan\u00e9 na p\u0159enos elektrick\u00fdch nebo chemick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f do jin\u00e9ho neuronu po p\u0159esn\u011b definovan\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 vede a\u017e k c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ce. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je druhou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ze dvou, kter\u00e9 pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00ed o tom, jak tento \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd a slo\u017eit\u00fd syst\u00e9m [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12102,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[812],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulse PART 2 \u2013 The Synapse - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nerve Impulse PART 2 \u2013 The Synapse. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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