{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/nervove-impulsy-akcni-potencial\/","title":{"rendered":"Nervov\u00e9 impulzy \u010c\u00c1ST 1 - Ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abychom pochopili, jak neuron funguje, mus\u00edme se pod\u00edvat na dva pojmy. Prvn\u00ed z nich se t\u00fdk\u00e1 toho, co se d\u011bje uvnit\u0159 neuronu, kdy\u017e se informace p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u00e1l - ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l - a druh\u00fd toho, jak informace p\u0159eskakuje z jedn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky do druh\u00e9 - synapse. D\u00edky t\u011bmto dv\u011bma proces\u016fm jsou bu\u0148ky nervov\u00e9 soustavy schopny p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace po cel\u00e9m t\u011ble a posouvat je od neuronu k neuronu, a\u017e nakonec doraz\u00ed k c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ce. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se budeme zab\u00fdvat prvn\u00edm pojmem, tj. ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nervov\u00fd impuls je elektrochemick\u00fd sign\u00e1l, kter\u00fd je hlavn\u00edm mechanismem p\u0159enosu informac\u00ed uvnit\u0159 neuronu. Dendrity n\u011bkter\u00fdch neuron\u016f detekuj\u00ed a p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed impuls z p\u0159edchoz\u00ed bu\u0148ky, nervov\u00fd impuls se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed pod\u00e9l a sm\u011b\u0159uje z bu\u0148ky do bu\u0148ky, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed. dendrity <\/strong>na j\u00e1dro <\/strong>ne\u017e na axon<\/strong>a nakonec na termin\u00e1l axonu<\/strong> kdy je impuls p\u0159ed\u00e1n dal\u0161\u00edmu neuronu. Tento proces pokra\u010duje <\/strong>opakovan\u011b, dokud nedos\u00e1hne c\u00edlov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Elektrochemick\u00fd sign\u00e1l vznik\u00e1 v d\u016fsledku pohybu iont\u016f mezi vnit\u0159n\u00ed a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed plazmatick\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny neuronu. Ionty p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed z vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti do vnit\u0159n\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f v membr\u00e1n\u011b. \"Mostem\", po kter\u00e9m se tyto ionty dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed dovnit\u0159 bu\u0148ky, je transmembr\u00e1nov\u00fd protein zvan\u00fd nap\u011b\u0165ov\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 iontov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyto nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly jsou \u0159\u00edzeny elektrick\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm jako forma odpov\u011bdi na elektrick\u00e9 podn\u011bty, jin\u00fdmi slovy, tyto kan\u00e1ly nejsou v\u017edy otev\u0159en\u00e9 pro pr\u016fchod iont\u016f, otev\u00edraj\u00ed se a zav\u00edraj\u00ed pouze p\u0159i ur\u010dit\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch podn\u011btech.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e bu\u0148ka nen\u00ed vystavena podn\u011bt\u016fm, kdy\u017e je membr\u00e1na v klidu, udr\u017euje se mezi vnit\u0159n\u00ed a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed neuronu rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f. V klidov\u00e9m stavu m\u00e1 membr\u00e1na potenci\u00e1l -70 mV, tedy z\u00e1porn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, zat\u00edmco vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l kladn\u00fd. Tento rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 klidov\u00fd membr\u00e1nov\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, <\/strong>a je udr\u017eov\u00e1na p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b sod\u00edkov\u00fdmi a draseln\u00fdmi ionty prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sod\u00edko-draseln\u00e9 pumpy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i elektrick\u00fdch nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch podn\u011btech se za\u010dne rozd\u00edl membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch potenci\u00e1l\u016f s\u00e1m obracet, otev\u0159ou se sod\u00edkov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly a dovnit\u0159 bu\u0148ky pronikne mnoho sod\u00edkov\u00fdch iont\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se membr\u00e1na na okam\u017eik zm\u011bn\u00ed na membr\u00e1nu depolarizovan\u00e9<\/strong>, nebo l\u00e9pe \u0159e\u010deno, sod\u00edkov\u00e9 ionty zm\u011bn\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed oblast membr\u00e1ny na kladnou s\u00ed\u0165. Tento pohyb depolarizace je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako tzv. ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l<\/strong>; membr\u00e1nov\u00fd potenci\u00e1l rychle stoup\u00e1 a kles\u00e1. Potenci\u00e1l stoupne na +40 mV za n\u011bco v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 milisekundy a vr\u00e1t\u00ed se do klidov\u00e9ho stavu za m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 3 milisekundy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K ak\u010dn\u00edmu potenci\u00e1lu nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed v cel\u00e9m neuronu najednou, depolarizace membr\u00e1ny za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v dendritech a pot\u00e9 po \u010d\u00e1stech v j\u00e1d\u0159e, kde se depolarizuje a kr\u00e1tce pot\u00e9 se vrac\u00ed do klidov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro obnoven\u00ed klidov\u00e9ho membr\u00e1nov\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu se sod\u00edkov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly uzav\u0159ou a nap\u011b\u0165ov\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 drasl\u00edkov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly se otev\u0159ou, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se drasl\u00edkov\u00e9 ionty dostanou dovnit\u0159 bu\u0148ky, membr\u00e1na se repolarizuje a vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st membr\u00e1ny se op\u011bt nabije z\u00e1porn\u011b a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kladn\u011b. Sod\u00edko-drasl\u00edkov\u00e1 pumpa pom\u00e1h\u00e1 obnovit spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch iont\u016f uvnit\u0159 bu\u0148ky t\u00edm, \u017ee na ka\u017ed\u00e9 dva ionty drasl\u00edku propust\u00ed t\u0159i ionty sod\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u016f\u017eeme si to p\u0159edstavit jako synchronizovan\u00fd pohyb od okam\u017eiku reakce ak\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu do okam\u017eiku obnoven\u00ed klidov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee zat\u00edmco v axonu m\u00e1me nap\u011b\u0165ov\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 iontov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 generuj\u00ed a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed nervov\u00fd impuls, v dendritech tyto kan\u00e1ly neexistuj\u00ed. V t\u011bchto oblastech neuron\u016f se sign\u00e1l nep\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 ak\u010dn\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem, ale a odstup\u0148ovan\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, <\/strong>a <\/strong>jin\u00e1 forma \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sign\u00e1lu, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se stupnice sign\u00e1lu po cest\u011b zvy\u0161uje, a\u017e se na axonu zm\u011bn\u00ed v ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee sodn\u00fd iont je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu a draseln\u00fd za obnoven\u00ed klidov\u00e9ho stavu. Nedostatek t\u011bchto iont\u016f v organismu m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit probl\u00e9my s kvalitou a \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 probl\u00e9my na synaps\u00edch a p\u0159i pr\u016fchodu informac\u00ed nervov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. V\u0161echny tyto probl\u00e9my mohou vyvolat psychick\u00e9 komplikace a nemoci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem bude p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed nervov\u00e9ho impulzu dal\u0161\u00edmu neuronu. V prostoru mezi dv\u011bma neurony, v synaptick\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbin\u011b, se d\u011bje n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho. Synaptick\u00e1 \u0161t\u011brbina je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm m\u00edstem k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a studiu, vstupuje do n\u00ed mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch neurotransmiter\u016f, kter\u00e9 aktivuj\u00ed novou sign\u00e1ln\u00ed dr\u00e1hu pomoc\u00ed receptor\u016f, dal\u0161\u00edch protein\u016f a iont\u016f krom\u011b sod\u00edku a drasl\u00edku. Ale to si nech\u00e1me na dal\u0161\u00ed diskusi v \u010dl\u00e1nku Nervov\u00fd impulz \u010c\u00c1ST 2 - Synaptick\u00e1 \u0161t\u011brbina<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00edbily se v\u00e1m infografiky v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku? M\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt Mind the Graph a vytvo\u0159it obr\u00e1zky informativn\u00ed jako tento. Z\u00edskejte na Mind the Graph<\/a> a pod\u00edvejte se na galerie ilustrac\u00ed<\/a>, tam je k dispozici neurologie<\/a> a biochemie<\/a> ilustrace, a pokud budete pot\u0159ebovat pomoc, pros\u00edm. kontaktujte n\u00e1s<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Abychom pochopili, jak neuron funguje, mus\u00edme se pod\u00edvat na dva pojmy. Prvn\u00ed z nich se t\u00fdk\u00e1 toho, co se d\u011bje uvnit\u0159 neuronu, kdy\u017e se informace p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u00e1l - ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l - a druh\u00fd toho, jak informace p\u0159eskakuje z jedn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky do druh\u00e9 - [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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