{"id":11793,"date":"2020-10-15T05:06:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T08:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11793"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:55:34","slug":"nobel-prize-2020-for-medicine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/nobelova-cena-2020-za-medicinu\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobelova cena 2020 za medic\u00ednu - Objev, diagnostika a l\u00e9\u010dba hepatitidy C"},"content":{"rendered":"

V r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9 z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed roku, kter\u00e1 se konala 5. \u0159\u00edjna 2020 ve Stockholmu, byla ud\u011blena Nobelova cena za fyziologii nebo medic\u00ednu skupin\u011b virolog\u016f a biochemik\u016f za objev viru hepatitidy C. Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton a Charles Rice z\u00edskali Nobelovu cenu spole\u010dn\u011b za objeven\u00ed p\u016fvodce a nalezen\u00ed cesty k vyl\u00e9\u010den\u00ed t\u00e9to nemoci. \u010clenov\u00e9 Nobelova shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v Karolinsk\u00e9m institutu se nemohli zdr\u017eet slov, \u017ee tento objev je nad\u011bj\u00ed na vym\u00fdcen\u00ed hepatitidy zrozen\u00e9 z krve ze sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n

V r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9 z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed roku, kter\u00e1 se konala 5. \u0159\u00edjna 2020 ve Stockholmu, byla ud\u011blena Nobelova cena za fyziologii nebo medic\u00ednu skupin\u011b virolog\u016f a biochemik\u016f za objev viru hepatitidy C. Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton a Charles Rice z\u00edskali Nobelovu cenu spole\u010dn\u011b za objeven\u00ed p\u016fvodce a nalezen\u00ed cesty k vyl\u00e9\u010den\u00ed t\u00e9to nemoci. \u010clenov\u00e9 Nobelova shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v Karolinsk\u00e9m institutu se nemohli zdr\u017eet slov, \u017ee tento objev je nad\u011bj\u00ed na vym\u00fdcen\u00ed hepatitidy zrozen\u00e9 z krve ze sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Co je hepatitida?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Slovo hepatitida poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159eck\u00e9ho slova \"Hepar\", kter\u00e9 ozna\u010duje j\u00e1tra. Hepatitida je zdravotn\u00ed stav, kdy jsou j\u00e1tra jedince zan\u00edcena bu\u010f v d\u016fsledku intoxikace, nebo virov\u00e9 infekce. Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed hepatitidou je charakterizov\u00e1no \u017eloutenkou, cirh\u00f3zou, hore\u010dkou a zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm jater. Z infek\u010dn\u00edch agens, kter\u00e1 jsou za hepatitidu zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1, se virus hepatitidy A p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed kontaminovanou vodou, zat\u00edmco viry B a C se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed krv\u00ed a t\u011bln\u00edmi tekutinami.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak byla objevena?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Po objevu hepatitidy B Alter a jeho t\u00fdm pozorovali n\u011bkolik nevysv\u011btliteln\u00fdch jatern\u00edch infekc\u00ed a chronickou hepatitidu po krevn\u00ed transfuzi. Ve sv\u00fdch n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch studi\u00edch prok\u00e1zali dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed skute\u010dnosti, za prv\u00e9, nezn\u00e1m\u00fd infek\u010dn\u00ed agens mohl p\u0159en\u00e9st onemocn\u011bn\u00ed na \u0161impanze a za druh\u00e9, infek\u010dn\u00ed agens m\u011blo charakteristiku viru, ale ne jako hepatitida A nebo B. Alter\u016fv p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek na poli virologie poslou\u017eil jako sv\u011btlo v temn\u00e9 bou\u0159liv\u00e9 noci p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f jatern\u00edch infekc\u00ed. P\u0159esto virus nebyl identifikov\u00e1n, nebyl charakterizov\u00e1n \u017e\u00e1dnou \u010deled\u00ed vir\u016f a nebyl klasifikov\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky na identifikaci a cestu k eradikaci<\/b><\/h2>\n

Vzhledem k vysok\u00e9 nemocnosti a \u00famrtnosti se v\u011bdci v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let sna\u017eili identifikovat p\u016fvodce \"nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho\" viru hepatitidy a charakterizovat ho. Pot\u00e9, co vyzkou\u0161eli v\u0161echny tradi\u010dn\u00ed techniky a neusp\u011bli, se jim d\u00edky inovativn\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edstupu Houghtona ze spole\u010dnosti Chiron pharmaceuticals poda\u0159ilo identifikovat a naklonovat fragmenty DNA zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za tvorbu virov\u00e9ho proteinu. Po slo\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b knihovny DNA a hled\u00e1n\u00ed klonu nakonec Houghton a jeho t\u00fdm mohli identifikovat podobnost s \u010deled\u00ed Flaviviridae a pojmenovali jej virus hepatitidy C. Jejich v\u00fdzkum tak\u00e9 poskytl testovac\u00ed postup k identifikaci p\u016fvodce pomoc\u00ed identifikovan\u00fdch protil\u00e1tek.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Kone\u010dn\u00fdm d\u016fkazem, \u017ee hepatitida C m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jedin\u00fdm p\u016fvodcem jatern\u00ed infekce, byl v\u00fdsledek rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu Riceovy univerzity ve Washingtonu v St. Louis. Pomoc\u00ed technologie rekombinantn\u00ed DNA vytvo\u0159il Rice se sv\u00fdm t\u00fdmem genomickou variantu viru hepatitidy C, kter\u00e1 neobsahovala inaktiva\u010dn\u00ed sekvence, a aplikoval ji prim\u00e1t\u016fm. V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee tyto varianty mohou v\u00e9st k chronick\u00e9mu onemocn\u011bn\u00ed jater a odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed v\u0161echny patologick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. D\u00edky v\u0161em nov\u011b identifikovan\u00fdm sekvenc\u00edm a inaktiva\u010dn\u00edm oblastem dali nad\u011bji na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho terapeutick\u00e9ho prost\u0159edku proti viru hepatitidy C.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dopad objevu<\/b><\/h2>\n

Sv\u011bt se stal v\u00e1le\u010dnou frontou s pandemi\u00ed COVID-19. D\u00edky objevu antivirotik, objev\u016fm v oblasti diagnostiky a identifikace \u017eloutenky typu C a souvisej\u00edc\u00edm \u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm se jedn\u00e1 o pozoruhodn\u00e9 kroky na poli virologie a medic\u00edny. Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace si stanovila c\u00edl vym\u00fdtit virus hepatitidy C do deseti let. Tyto objevy jsou odrazov\u00fdm m\u016fstkem k dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba p\u0159ekonat n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy a vakc\u00edna teprve vznikne, ale objevil se paprsek nad\u011bje v podob\u011b detek\u010dn\u00edch a l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f pro boj s touto nemoc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fdm Mind the Graph blahop\u0159eje trojici v\u011bdc\u016f, univerzit\u00e1m a jejich skupin\u00e1m k jejich \u00fasp\u011bchu! Des\u00edtky let v\u00fdzkumu a tvrd\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce daly lidstvu novou cestu k pora\u017een\u00ed smrteln\u00e9ho virov\u00e9ho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11817,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nNobel Prize in Medicine 2020 - Diagnosis and Cure of Hepatitis C<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The recent findings in Hepatitis C have been acclaimed for the Nobel Prize in 2020 in Chemistry. 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