{"id":11788,"date":"2020-10-19T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11788"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:55:34","slug":"crispr-duo-wins-nobel-prize-2020-for-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/crispr-duo-ziskal-nobelovu-cenu-2020-za-chemii\/","title":{"rendered":"CRISPR DUO krade show: Nobelova cena za chemii 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159esnost je charakteristick\u00fdm znakem v\u011bdce. Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 a Jennifer Doudnov\u00e1 objevily revolu\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj v genov\u00e9 technologii CRISPR\/Cas9, \"genetick\u00e9 n\u016f\u017eky\". Pr\u016fkopnice tohoto n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00fd m\u011bn\u00ed \u017eivot, Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 a Jennifer Doudnaov\u00e1, jsou ocen\u011bny Nobelovou cenou za chemii pro rok 2020. Jejich vyn\u00e1lez z roku 2012 vedl k bezpo\u010dtu objev\u016f v d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch oblastech, jako je v\u00fdzkum rakoviny, v\u00fdzkum rostlin a hled\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f na d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 choroby. N\u00e1stroj CRISPR\/Cas9 usnadnil \u00fapravu genetick\u00fdch sekvenc\u00ed na p\u0159esn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b v krat\u0161\u00edm \u010dase. Jejich objev zm\u011bnil pohled na v\u011bdy o \u017eiv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Je to odrazov\u00fd m\u016fstek pro novou \u00e9ru v genetice, kter\u00e1 bude p\u0159\u00ednosem pro \u017eiv\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Co je CRISPR\/Cas9 a jak byl objeven?<\/span><\/h2>\n

CISPR\/CAS9 je n\u00e1stroj pro editaci gen\u016f, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vyst\u0159i\u017een\u00ed sekvence DNA na p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010den\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. CRISPR je zkratka pro Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats a Cas9 je enzym, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159i st\u0159\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed sekvence. CRISPR m\u00e1 dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed vlastnosti, kter\u00fdmi jsou nukleotidov\u00e9 repetice a mezern\u00edky. Obvykle v CRISPR funguj\u00ed nukleotidov\u00e9 sekvence jako templ\u00e1tov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno pro p\u0159epis komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed RNA, kter\u00e1 byla nakonec nazv\u00e1na CRISPR RNA (cr RNA). Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 a Jennifer Doudnaov\u00e1 byly prvn\u00ed, kdo tyto mezern\u00edky a opakova\u010de objevil. Zjistily tak\u00e9, \u017ee enzym Cas9, kter\u00fd napom\u00e1hal p\u0159i st\u0159\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed sekvence DNA, se v\u00e1\u017ee na dal\u0161\u00ed molekuly RNA. Tyto dv\u011b molekuly, cr RNA a transaktiva\u010dn\u00ed cr RNA, pom\u00e1haly Cas9 st\u0159\u00edhat v c\u00edlov\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b dvouvl\u00e1knov\u00e9 DNA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Objev u\u010dinila Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 p\u0159i pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed imunitn\u00edho mechanismu bakterie streptokoka proti viru. Nejv\u00edce ji zaujala skute\u010dnost, \u017ee molekula RNA nalezen\u00e1 v bakterii m\u00e1 velmi podobn\u00fd genetick\u00fd k\u00f3d jako CRISPR bakterie. Po anal\u00fdze obou sekvenc\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee molekula RNA odpov\u00edd\u00e1 opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se \u010d\u00e1sti CRISPR. P\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu zjistila, \u017ee tato mal\u00e1 molekula RNA aktivuje sekvenci RNA v p\u0159\u00edtomnosti Cas9. Sekvence RNA byla v\u00fdsledkem sekvence CRISPR. Tato molekula byla nazv\u00e1na jako transaktiva\u010dn\u00ed CRISPR RNA. Kdy\u017e je bakterie infikov\u00e1na virem, p\u0159id\u00e1 virovou DNA do sv\u00e9ho genomu v oblasti CRISPR jako pam\u011b\u0165. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 bakterii p\u0159ed dal\u0161\u00ed novou infekc\u00ed. Tato CRISPR DNA se pot\u00e9 zkop\u00edruje a vytvo\u0159\u00ed CRISPR RNA, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt \u0161t\u011bpena za vzniku virov\u00e9 DNA, kter\u00e1 by pomohla p\u0159i rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ciz\u00ed virov\u00e9 DNA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bji Jennifer Doudna analyzovala, zda lze tuto virovou DNA identifikovat pomoc\u00ed RNA CRISPR a molekuly enzymu Cas9. Po n\u011bkolika pokusech ji st\u00e1le nemohli identifikovat a uv\u011bdomili si, \u017ee j\u00ed n\u011bco chyb\u00ed. Proto p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm pokusu p\u0159idali i molekulu transaktiva\u010dn\u00ed cr RNA, kterou objevila Emmanuelle. K jejich p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed byla virov\u00e1 DNA identifikov\u00e1na, co\u017e vedlo k nov\u00e9mu aeonu, kter\u00fd m\u011bl p\u0159ij\u00edt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

CRISPR\/Cas9 dnes p\u0159inesl nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k \u017eivotu. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bdn\u00edch oborech. Tento n\u00e1stroj pro\u0161el evoluc\u00ed v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u011bd\u00e1ch. V\u011bdci dnes pracuj\u00ed na ukon\u010den\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdch poruch, kter\u00e9 lidstvo postihly nejv\u00edce. Dal\u0161\u00ed oblast\u00ed, kde se tento n\u00e1stroj vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, je zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed k \u00faprav\u011b rostlin na odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di infekc\u00edm, p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji l\u00e9k\u016f, v genov\u00e9 terapii a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch. P\u0159i regulovan\u00e9m a etick\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto n\u00e1stroje m\u016f\u017ee lidstvo za\u017e\u00edt neomezen\u00fd sv\u011bt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Odkaz\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/2020\/popular-information\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nThe CRISPR DUO Steals The Show: Nobel Prize 2020 in Chemistry - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 2020, many discoveries are accoladed with Nobel Prize and CRISPR DUO in Chemistry is one of them. 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